IMS 2 - cells and tissues
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- Created by: Ettie Conway
- Created on: 08-04-24 16:26
organelle
a membrane bound or non-membrane bound subcellular structure with one or more specific functions
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what is the role of lamin proteins in a cell?
provide structural support for genetic material in nucleus (nuclear lamina)
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what is the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope attached to?
lamin proteins
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what is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope attached to?
RER
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nucleolus
made of proteins and rDNA, site of ribosome production
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ribosome composition
large subunit (50s) binds tRNA, small subunit (30s) binds mRNA
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difference between bound and free ribosomes
free: make proteins for use in the cell, Bound: make proteins for export or for membrane surface
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main functions of RER
protein synthesis and protein modification
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Smooth ER function
all mentioned
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golgi apparatus processes and packages:
proteins and lipids
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which organelle in a cell contains hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases)?
lysosomes
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which statement is correct about lysosomes?
have a low PH
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what is not a function of lysosomes
breakdown of lipids
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Membrane-bounded spheres full of digestive enzymes(hydrolases)
lysosome
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peroxisomes contain what enzymes?
oxidases
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peroxisomes function
Scavenge free radicals and lipid metabolism
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proteosomes function
degrades unneeded or damaged proteins
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Tagging an unneeded or damaged protein with Ubiquitin lead to proteolysis by what protein complex?
proteasome
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what organelle has these functions:
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. cell motility
3. chromosome movements in cell division
4. organelle movements
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. cell motility
3. chromosome movements in cell division
4. organelle movements
microtubules
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what organelle has these functions:
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
3. formation of nuclear lamina
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
3. formation of nuclear lamina
intermediate filaments
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what organelle has these functions:
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. changes in cell shape
3. muscle contraction
4. cytoplasmic streaming
5. cell motility
6. cell division
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. changes in cell shape
3. muscle contraction
4. cytoplasmic streaming
5. cell motility
6. cell division
microfilaments
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end products of aerobic respiration
water co2 36atp
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anaerobic respiration products
lactic acid 2ATP
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Aerobic respiration site
Cell cytoplasm (step 1) and Mitochondria (2-4)
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Aerobic respiration step 1 turns glucose into?
2 pyruvate
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This process uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
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This process begins with the production of Acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle
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cramps during exercise are caused by
lactic acid fermentation
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oxidative phosphorylation is also known as
electron transport chain
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The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is
oxygen
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what is not a step of anaerobic respiration?
link reaction
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cytosol + all organelles - nucleus
cytoplasm
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cytosol + all organelles
protoplasm
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cytoplasm - all organelles
cytosol
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cytoplasm of nucleus
nucleoplasm
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what cell type is this?
– very high turnover– bowel, skin (including epithelia of mucosal surfaces), bone marrow• Mucosae = mucous membrane = where the outside touches us!
– very high turnover– bowel, skin (including epithelia of mucosal surfaces), bone marrow• Mucosae = mucous membrane = where the outside touches us!
labile
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what cell type is this?
– good ability to regenerate but lower turnover
– Hepatocytes (3 months), bone
– good ability to regenerate but lower turnover
– Hepatocytes (3 months), bone
Stable
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what cell type is this?
– once it’s gone, it’s gone and cell loss is replaced by scarring
– nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells
– once it’s gone, it’s gone and cell loss is replaced by scarring
– nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells
permanent
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programmed cell death, that doesn’t release harmful products or cause inflammation. Tidying up, sculpting.
apoptosis
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Unintended cell death in response to injury
necrosis
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what type of necrosis is this?
tissues rot, go black from iron deposition from degrading haemoglobin ie. Ischaemic limb/ ‘nec fasc’ . Google ‘fournier’s gangrene’ when not eating
tissues rot, go black from iron deposition from degrading haemoglobin ie. Ischaemic limb/ ‘nec fasc’ . Google ‘fournier’s gangrene’ when not eating
gangrene
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what type of necrosis is this?
dead tissue is walled off, cells break down but are not eaten by phagocytes, so they clump together.
dead tissue is walled off, cells break down but are not eaten by phagocytes, so they clump together.
caseous
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what type of necrosis is this?
The dying cells have little supporting tissue, so liquefy. Brain tissue, holes (cavities)
The dying cells have little supporting tissue, so liquefy. Brain tissue, holes (cavities)
liquefactive
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an embryonic connective tissue from which other connective tissues originate during embryogenesis. The extracellular matrix produced by mesenchymal cells (Pluripotent stem cells) + ground substance rich in hyaluronic acid.
mesenchyme
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what is not a part of the mesenchyme
vasculature and lymph
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the supporting tissue of an organ and plays a structural rather than a connective role. Often contains fibroblasts, vasculature and lymph
stroma
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cells that perform the function of the organ
parenchyma
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Eosin
a negatively charged acidic dye which stains basic structures pink or red. These include cytoplasmic proteins
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Haematoxylin
a basic dye that stains acidic structures purple. These include DNA, RNA in ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
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what is not a key shared feature of epithelial cells?
they contain blood vessels and nerves
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Bullous pemphigoid
autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease
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what disease is caused by autoimmune attack of on the basement membrane of the epidermis by antibodies and activated Tcells. The target of the autoimmune attack is 2 parts of the basal keratinocyte hemidesmosomal proteins BP180and BP230. These proteins pl
Bullous pemphigoid
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pemphigus vulgaris
Autoimmune intraepidermal blistering disease
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stratified squamous epithelium is present in ...
the skin
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a specialised stratified squamous epithelium inwhich the superficial epithelium are dead and cyclically desquamate. Inthis process, the cells lose their nucleus and cytoplasm and instead contain keratin, which contain waterproof properties.
keritinised epithelium
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where is ciliated columnar epithelium found?
GI tract and female reproductive tract
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how is the urothelium specialised
impermeable to water and ions
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what histological layer of the urothelium is this?
layer consisting of umbrella cells that form an impermeable barrier
layer consisting of umbrella cells that form an impermeable barrier
apical layer
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what histological layer of the urothelium is this?
layer that consists of two/three layers of polygonal cells
layer that consists of two/three layers of polygonal cells
intermediate layer
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what histological layer of the urothelium is this?
layer that is formed from two to three layers of small cuboidal cells.
layer that is formed from two to three layers of small cuboidal cells.
basal layer
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The transitional ability of the urothelium
ability of the bladder wall to stretch to increase volume when the bladder fills with urine
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forms connective tissue such as capsules, sheaths, fascial planes, tendons, and ligaments
Fibroblasts
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forms the single layer cuboidal cell lining of body cavities, such as the peritoneal/pleural cavity or synovial cavity of the knee joint.
mesothelium
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forms the inner surface of vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics)
endothelium
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adipocytes
store lipids
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Composed of steatocytes, whose cytoplasm store lipids.
Foetus and infants contain ‘brown fat’ that provides a greater energy source for a baby
Foetus and infants contain ‘brown fat’ that provides a greater energy source for a baby
adipose tissue
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omposed of collagen fibres made by fibroblasts, that contain bones and muscle. They have great tensile strength but are flexible.
tendons
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There are three types: skeletal, cardiac (both striated) and smooth
muscles
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which is an inheritable connective tissue disease
marfan syndrome
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what is the role of lamin proteins in a cell?
Back
provide structural support for genetic material in nucleus (nuclear lamina)
Card 3
Front
what is the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope attached to?
Back
Card 4
Front
what is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope attached to?
Back
Card 5
Front
nucleolus
Back
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