Inflammation, wound repair and diabetes

Hormones such as glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone promote what?

Glucogenesis (production of glucose from other sources such as protein)
Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glucose)
Ketogenesis ( production of ketones from the breakdown of fatty acids)

All happens in liver

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When there is too much glucose it enters the urine, the loss of glucose in urine causes diuresis. What is this and why does it happen?

It is increased urine out as kidneys filter too much.
The glucose is lost because the level of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the renal tubules capacity for reabsorption, not because the kidneys are trying to excrete glucose.

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What is polydipsia?

And why does it occcur?

Extreme thirst as the concentration of plasma is increased due to loss of water due to polyuria. Osmoreceptors in the lambs detect the increase in plasma and stimulate thirst response.

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What is polyuria?

Increased urine output in large amounts caused by osmotic pull of concentrated glucose

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Why does type 1 diabetes develop?

Due to an autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction, leading to a deficiency of insulin.

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What vitamin is protective in type 1 diabetes?

Vitamin D

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What are the four stages of wound healing

Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodelling

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5 signs of acute inflammation

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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When mast cells deftest injury they release what?

Histamine

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What are the first cells to arrive at injury site?

Neutrophils

They remove bacteria and debris through phagocytosis and recruit macrophages

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What do prostaglandins do?

Lipid regulator resident in most tissues

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What do cytokines do?

Small proteins that regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis (blood cell production)

Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract WBC to help tissue repair

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What happens if we get too much of an immune response to inflammation?

ARDS

cytokine storm, high levels of cytokines =multi organ failure

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Platelets and mast cells do what at wound site?

Platelets from blood release blood clotting proteins

Mast cells mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction and deliver blood, plasma and cells so neutrophils and all can do their job

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In the proliferation and remodelling stage of wound healing, what key things occur?

Fibroblast migration to help heal wound in connective tissue

Collagen synthesis

Angiogenesis, formation of new blood vessels

Contraction, wound closure

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What occurs in the remodelling phase of wound healing?

Breakdown of collagen

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What is an example of chronic inflammation and how does it differ from acute inflammation?

Cystic fibrosis = cannot clear pathogen due to constant stimuli which is mucus and constant growth of tissue. Others = cancer, arthritis, autoimmune disease, fibromyalgia

Acute inflammation = allergic reaction, infection, burn, trauma injury, frostbite

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What are the 3 possible outcomes of inflammation?

Resolution/repair
Scarring/fibrosis
Chronic inflammation

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Not all tissues can regenerate and are repairs by fibrosis/ granulation tissue which forms a scar. What can/ cannot regenerate new tissue?

Can= liver, bone, smooth and skeletal muscle, lung, lining of large intestine

Cannot= brain, nervous tissue, skin, cardiac muscle, cartilage

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Inflammation, wound repair and diabetes

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