Immunity ratione personae (immunity enjoyed by virtue of the office)
Immunity from arrest and detention Immunity from criminal jurisdiction Immunity from some civil jurisdiction Immunity disappears after the office-holder leaves office
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Immunity ratione materiae (immunity attaching to official acts)
Immunity for acts carried out by State officials Immunity is retained after the office-holder leaves office
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Immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae examples
An ambassador failing to pay the London congestion charge A diplomat participating in the kidnapping of a suspected spy
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Abuses examples of these immunities?
Many abuses relate to vehicular offenses such as speeding and parking tickets (in 2012 London embassies had collectively amassed £58 million in unpaid congestion charges) Others are more serious (ranging from failure to pay rent to **** and murder)
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Growing Conflict - Priority 1: Functioning of offices
Heads of government, ministers, and other State officials need immunity ratione personae because without it they cannot perform their functions
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