Language and Gender Theorist

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What does Judith Butler (1988) suggest?
We commit ourselves to future actions by performing gender. Includes, performative actions, clothes, language. Gender performativity is not voluntary, its meant to feel natural. We actively construct our gender through repetitive daily routines e.g. how w
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What does Julia Stanley (1977) suggest?
Argued that there is a negative semantic space for women. Marked terms create a 'standard' form and the standard always applies to men.
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What does Schulz (1975) suggest?
It is not an accident that there are more negative words for women. It represents patriarchal order, words that are marked for females become pejorated.
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What does Anne Bodine (1975) suggest?
Julia Stanley's theory suggest that there is bias in the English Language that favours males. Anne Bodine refers to this as androcentric language.
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What does Janet Holmes suggest?
Animal imagery is one example where images of women seem less positive than those for men e.g. birds, honey, sugar, tart.
These terms have taken on negative connotations to show women are seen as sexual objects.
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What does Otto Jeperson (1922) suggest?
Published a set of ideas about women's language
For example, women talk a lot, women use half-finished sentences, women tend towards hyperbole.
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What does Robin Lakoff (1975) suggest?
She outlines a set of assumptions about how women use language (not her research), Lakoff simply states stereotypical assumption of how women use language.
For example, hedges, tag questions, empty adjectives, indirect commands, apologises more.
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What does William O' Barr & Bowmen Atkins (1980) suggest?
They criticise Lakoff's work.
They assessed lawyers, witnesses and those on trial. Their hypothesis was that women's language is a language of powerlessness.
They did not believe that powerless language was a gendered concept.
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What does Deborah Tanner (1990) suggest?

The Difference Model
She ultimately suggests that men and women have differing ways of approaching conversation, which can often make communication more difficult and complex.
For example, status vs support, orders vs proposals
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What does Cameron (2007) suggest?

No Difference Model
The idea that men and women differ fundamentally in a way they use language to communicate is a myth.
She gives examples that defy expectations such as, in some tribes in Papua New Guinea women are expected to use expletives to explain their emotions to t
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What does Zimmerman and West (19755) suggest?

Dominance Model
They established that men interrupt more tan women. The ratio was 46 male interruptions vs only 2 by women. This led them to conclude that men like to be in charge of conversations and women prefer to be submissive.
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What does Beattie (1982) suggest?
Criticism of Zimmerman and West
.He was critical of Z&W findings. He questioned why interruptions are concluded to reflect dominance when this might not be the case.

Consider context of why interruptions occurred, perhaps it was backchanneling to show in
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What does Pamela Fisherman (1983) suggest?
She suggested that to say women's more frequent use of questioning was a sign of insecurity was too much a simplistic view . She attributed a number of interaction to women's questioning and aiming to keep their male conversation partner engaged and inter
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Card 2

Front

What does Julia Stanley (1977) suggest?

Back

Argued that there is a negative semantic space for women. Marked terms create a 'standard' form and the standard always applies to men.

Card 3

Front

What does Schulz (1975) suggest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does Anne Bodine (1975) suggest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does Janet Holmes suggest?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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