Suggested "women's language" lacked real authority. He said that women used: tag questions, weak expletive terms ('oh dear'), intensifiers, hedges and fillers.
1 of 13
O'Barr and Atkins
In opposition to Lakoff. Found that in courtroom trials 'women's language' was used by lower-classed and less authoritative individuals. Therefore, they renamed it: "powerless language".
2 of 13
Janet Holmes
In opposition to Lakoff. Suggested that tag questions are multi-functional devices used for politeness and boosting.
3 of 13
The Difference Approach
Jennifer Coates, Deborah Tannen, Peter Trudgill, Jenny Cheshire.
4 of 13
Deborah Tannen
Six key differences in male and female talk: status vs. support, independence vs. intimacy, conflict vs. compromise, orders vs. proposals, information vs. feelings, advice vs. understanding
5 of 13
Jennifer Coates
Men = boasting, swearing, 96% of stories involved a male protagonist, 72% involved no females, if they were involved, they were referred to sexually.
6 of 13
Peter Trudgill
Analysed the use of the suffix -ing by gender. Women used more received english, whereas men used non-standard forms.
7 of 13
Jenny Cheshire
Women use covert prestige, whereas men use non-standard forms to be rebellious.
8 of 13
The Dominance Approach
Zimmerman and West, Pamela Fishman
9 of 13
Zimmerman and West
1975. 96% of interruptions in mixed-talk were made by men.
10 of 13
Pamela Fishman
Women asked 267 questions at home, whereas men asked 107. Out of 45 topics introduced by women, only 17 developed into conversation; whereas all 30 of male-introduced topics fully developed into conversations.
11 of 13
The Similarities Approach
Deborah Cameron
12 of 13
Deborah Cameron
Gender roles have become blurred as a result of society's modernisation.
13 of 13
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
In opposition to Lakoff. Found that in courtroom trials 'women's language' was used by lower-classed and less authoritative individuals. Therefore, they renamed it: "powerless language".
Back
O'Barr and Atkins
Card 3
Front
In opposition to Lakoff. Suggested that tag questions are multi-functional devices used for politeness and boosting.
Back
Card 4
Front
Jennifer Coates, Deborah Tannen, Peter Trudgill, Jenny Cheshire.
Back
Card 5
Front
Six key differences in male and female talk: status vs. support, independence vs. intimacy, conflict vs. compromise, orders vs. proposals, information vs. feelings, advice vs. understanding
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