Lecture 8, tamoxifen

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Tamoxifen summary
Treats Oestrogen RECEPTOR positive breast cancer, targets oestrogen receptors, acts an antagonist blocking oestrogen activity in breast tissue, effects on NEG feedback= fertility
Risk = endometrial cancer and thromboembolism
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What is hormonal tgerapy
Blocks or lowers amount of hormone in body to stop or slow down growth of cancer
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Most drugs bind to what in cell membrane
Proteins
4 main types= RICE
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Mutations that contribute to development of cancer=
Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes
DNA repair genes
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What are the 4 types of proto- oncogenes
Growth factors
Receptors
Cytoplasmic signalling molecules
Nuclear transcription factors
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What are oncogenes
Proto- oncogenes that have mutated in a bad way and cause cancer
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Surgery and radiotherapy
=
Local treatments
Chemotherapy, hormone therapy and biological treatments
=
Systemic as have the potential to work on other parts of body
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What is bad about chemo
Targets call cells, cannot tell what is cancer and what is normal
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More about hormonal therapies
Only useful in hormone receptor positive tumours like breast and prostrate. Doesn’t stop production of osetrogen, stops activity of the hormone
Can get ER and PR neg and positive for osetrogen and progesterone
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Targeted biological therapies
(Immunotherapy)
MABs (monoclonal antibodies
Target proteins more abundant in cancer cells than normal cells
Good as limit side effects and enhance survival, interact with target rather than killing it, they are cytostatic (block cell proliferation)
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Examples
HER2 is overexpressed in some cancers like breast, stomach
Trastuzumab is a MAB which blocks effects of HER2 as it encourages immune system to attack and kill cancer cells
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Summary of MABs
Attach to HER2 receptor on cancer cells to stop growth. Useful against cancers that have spread as enter bloodstream reaching all areas of body almost. MABs with chemo can help.
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What is hormonal tgerapy

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Blocks or lowers amount of hormone in body to stop or slow down growth of cancer

Card 3

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Most drugs bind to what in cell membrane

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Card 4

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Mutations that contribute to development of cancer=

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Card 5

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What are the 4 types of proto- oncogenes

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