Lomas Section C Paper 1
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Describe pre-industrial Britain.
two tier class system, most people lived in rural areas, widespread illiteracy, lower worked in long hours/cruel conditions and rich lived in luxury
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Describe popular recreation.
sport played in pre-industrial Britain. was male dominated, played locally, sport was occasional due to long working hours, upper classes bet on sport
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Describe mob football.
played by lower classes, violent due to no rules, played in local pitches/around town as the poor couldnt afford to build pitches, played on Holy days due to long working hours, eventually banned due to property damage
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Describe real tennis.
played by upper classes, complex rules as upper class were literate, played regularly, used expensive equipment, opponents had mutual respect
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Describe athletics in pre-industrial Britain.
also known as foot racing, patrons would set up races and bet on a lower class athlete (who they would look after), bet on how many miles they could cover in a time period
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Describe the Wenlock Olympic Games.
started in 1850, involved local events like football, cricket, running, cycling etc. Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) aimed o set up Olympic class to promote improvements in lower class. lead to development of International Olympic Committee an
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Describe rational recreation.
sport was rationalised after the industrial revolution, led to mass sport in society, rules were finalised
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Describe what society was like in the 1st half of the industrial revolution.
poor health (bad working conditions), lack of income (low wages), loss of rights, lack of free time (long working hours), lack of public provision, overcrowding (urbanisation)
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Explain the positives of the 2nd half of the industrial revolution.
public baths (improved hygiene), increased wages, middle class created, athleticism (played sport at best with respect), industrial patronage (factories created teams), cheaper travel
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Describe urbanisation and its impact on sport.
its the migration of people from rural to urban areas. lack of space led to purpose built facilities. larger population lead to need for mass entertaining (spectated sport)
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Explain the two ways sport was rationalised.
transport revolution = leagues formed across the country as trains allowed travel for spectators/athletes
communications = newspapers developed people's literacy so rules were developed
communications = newspapers developed people's literacy so rules were developed
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Explain the influence of the Church on sport.
gained social control through civilised activities, created idea of muscular christianity (manliness, athleticism, discipline), provided halls/teams/competitions, encouraged sport
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Who are the middle class and what were their influence?
emerged due to industrialisation, some lower class moved up so had sympathy. they codified rules, developed leagues, developed public provisions, reduced working hours, developed professional sport
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Describe the British Empire's link to sport.
sport installed moral values and brought people within the empire together. leaders of the British Empire spread sport across various countries
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How was sport spread?
teachers taught sport and its values within schools. factory owners created teams and provided time to play. officers spread sport through the armed forces. diplomats travelled and took sport with them. NGB creators created leagues.
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Describe gentleman amateurs.
middle/upper class people who played sport for enjoyment not money. played multiple sports, played with high moral code, didnt train had high status
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Describe professionals (in 20th century).
played sport for financial gain. had lower status than amateurs, trained to improve and win more. easily corrupted; easily bribed, may use gamesmanship
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How have women developed the opportunity to be elite officials?
Womens Referee Development pathway was created to provide a professional organisational structure for them to progress through; lead to increase in female officials in past years. Sex Discrimination Act prevents sex limiting opportunities
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Name and explain socio-cultural factors that have increased women in sport.
female models (inspired young girls), more funding (better facilities), more free time (traditional domestic responsibilities reduced), increased approval and media coverage, increased provision (national curriculum lets girls do football in schools)
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Describe lawn tennis.
middle class game created after industrial revolution. gave women opportunity to participate = not vigorous so maintained 'lady-like' status, maintained modesty by wearing long neck dresses
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How did the role of women change in sport when lawn tennis was created?
approval of women playing sport grew. 1884 was first ladies singles championship at wimbledon. private schools let girls do athletics.
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Explain the golden triangle.
link between sport, business (sponsorship) and media. sport is the product and media + business help to sell. each element relies heavily on each other; need all aspects
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Give some characteristics of commercialised sport.
is professional sport, includes sponsorships and contracts, entertains mass, athletes as role models + commodities (used to sell products), widespread media coverage
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Give + and - effects of commercialised sport.
+ve = rules/scoring changed to make sport more exciting for audience, improved technology
-ve = breaks for advertisement, women get less media coverage
-ve = breaks for advertisement, women get less media coverage
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Define sociology.
the relationship between sport and society; considers how inequalities in sport can be overcome
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Define society.
a group of people involved in persistent interpersonal relationships (e.g. large groups share location/culture etc.)
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Define socialisation.
a lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas and roles in order to take their place within society
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Describe primary socialisation.
a person's first introduction to norms and values. takes place in early childhood, parents teach them whats acceptable, encourage certain beliefs/behaviours
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Describe secondary socialisation.
takes place all throughout school; childhood into teenage years. teachers and peers adjust your values/beliefs
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Describe gender socialisation.
learn the behaviours/attitudes that are 'historically appropriate' for your sex. taught by media/family/school etc ("boys will be boys")
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Describe social processes.
involves interactions between individuals and groups which occur again and again (e.g. integration, cooperation)
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Describe social control.
processes of attempting to control people's thoughts, appearance, feelings + behaviours (e.g. how athletes should dress/behave)
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Describe social change.
an alteration in the social order of a society where there's a significant change in social behaviours + cultural values over time leading to long term effects ("This Girl Can" encourages women in sport)
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Describe social issues.
problems/conflict which affect a considerable number of people in society (e.g. discrimination; lack of role models, wages different)
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Describe social stratification.
a way of dividing up society based on characteristics like wealth. e.g. the richer kids have better facilities in their private schools
(so Sport England targets underrepresented groups)
(so Sport England targets underrepresented groups)
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Describe social (inter)action theory.
how sport impacts society; is an interactionist approach. organisations influence people and shape wider society (expect all athletes to follow same rules). involves an action being carried out with meaning attached (e.g. new techniques like **** Fosbury
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What are the three barriers to equal opportunities?
prejudice (unfavourable opinion on something based on inadequate facts), stereotypes (a generalisation) and discrimination (unfair treatment of a person)
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Describe Sport England and their aim.
organisation which aims to develop a culture that enables everyone to participate in sport. develop opportunities in coaching/officiating/competing etc. overcome barriers for those who are underrepresented. invest in children 5+ to encourage habits.
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Define the two types of discrimination.
overt discrimination = visible + obvious mistreatment e.g. verbal racism
covert discrimination = hidden + less obvious mistreatment e.g. not signing a player due to their race
covert discrimination = hidden + less obvious mistreatment e.g. not signing a player due to their race
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Give barriers and their solutions to sport participation.
lack of motivation -> exercise with others
cost issues -> do affordable activities like walking
family obligations -> exercise with children
lack of time -> cycle to work etc.
cost issues -> do affordable activities like walking
family obligations -> exercise with children
lack of time -> cycle to work etc.
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Name the three underrepresented groups.
disability, ethnicity and gender
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Give barriers for the disabled + some solutions.
able bodied play sport separately. issues are lack of confidence, funding, media coverage and facilities. solutions may be increased investment, get more specialist coaches and form specialist organisations
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Give barriers for ethnic groups + some solutions.
racism is common. issues include stacking/channelling (pushed into certain sports), fear of abuse, few role models, language barriers. solutions include punishing racism, campaigns, ensuring provision is inclusive for all ethnic groups
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Give for barriers for different genders + some solutions.
just 30.7% of women regularly play sport. barriers include stereotypes, few role models, less media coverage, pressure to be thin. solutions include increased media coverage, enforce laws against discrimination, encourage acceptance
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Give a benefit (to society and individuals) of raised participation on health.
individual = lower blood pressure + stress levels
society = less strain on the NHS
society = less strain on the NHS
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Give a benefit (to society and individuals) of raised participation on social factors.
individual = improved ability to make friends
society = increased community integration
society = increased community integration
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Give a benefit (to society and individuals) of raised participation on crime.
individual = sport is more positive use of free time
society = lowered crime statistics; people play sport instead
society = lowered crime statistics; people play sport instead
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Give a benefit (to society and individuals) of raised participation on employment.
individuals = less absences from work due to better health
employment = people more productive as theyre healthy/happy
employment = people more productive as theyre healthy/happy
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Give a benefit (to society and individuals) of raised participation on economic factors.
individual = spending money on healthier pursuits
society = more money put into the economy
society = more money put into the economy
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What do local partners do?
they invest in 49 County Sport Partnerships (CSPs) to deliver local programmes to meet specific needs. CSPs work with local authorities, schools, clubs etc. Sport England provide funding
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Name the 4 national partners of Sport England and what they do.
English Federation of Disability Sport (EFDS) = increase participation of disabled people
Sporting Equals = promote ethnic diversity
Women In Sport = aim to break stereotypes
StreetGames = provide affordable activities in poor areas
Sporting Equals = promote ethnic diversity
Women In Sport = aim to break stereotypes
StreetGames = provide affordable activities in poor areas
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What organisations aid disability in sport?
£10.2 million invested into disability sport in 2015.
Inclusive Sport = increases participation of young disabled people
Get Equipped = provides specialist equipment
Inclusive Sport = increases participation of young disabled people
Get Equipped = provides specialist equipment
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What organisations aid women in sport?
Women In Sport = give millions to NGBs to attract women to sport
Active Women Project = tackles gender gap
This Girl Can = overcomes barriers like stereotypes
Active Women Project = tackles gender gap
This Girl Can = overcomes barriers like stereotypes
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How do NGBs increase participation in sport?
submit whole sport plans to Sport England outlining how they will invest money to enhance talent in the next 4 years
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Explain what Whole Sport Plans are.
4 year plan written by NGBs. support grassroots to elite, receive funding from Sport England, includes talent ID pathway, sustain participation (Start Stay Succeed)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Describe popular recreation.
Back
sport played in pre-industrial Britain. was male dominated, played locally, sport was occasional due to long working hours, upper classes bet on sport
Card 3
Front
Describe mob football.
Back
Card 4
Front
Describe real tennis.
Back
Card 5
Front
Describe athletics in pre-industrial Britain.
Back
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