Love and relationships Pt1
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- Created by: sunnybunny28
- Created on: 19-08-23 22:12
Where and when did Sappho come from?
7th Century BC Lesbos
from a wealthy merchant family
from a wealthy merchant family
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What do we know about Sappho's family?
She had a daughter called Cleis
and 3 brothers
and 3 brothers
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What age did Greek men have to join the army?
aged 18-20
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What kind of philosopher was Seneca?
Stoic philosopher
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Main principle of Stoic philosophy?
Reason over emotion
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When was Seneca exiled?
Where to?
When did he return to Rome?
Where to?
When did he return to Rome?
Exiled to Corsica in 41 AD
Returned to Rome in 49 AD
Returned to Rome in 49 AD
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When did Seneca become Nero's
tutor/advisor?
tutor/advisor?
54AD
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When did Plato die?
348/7 BC
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Who did Plato teach and who was he
influenced by?
influenced by?
Taught Socrates
Influneced by Pythagoras
Influneced by Pythagoras
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Cum manu
with power-
a marriage where the husband rules his wife
a marriage where the husband rules his wife
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Sine manu
without power-
a marriage where the wife is still ruled by her father
a marriage where the wife is still ruled by her father
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Erastes
the adult in a pederastic relationship
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Eromenos
the boy (13-18) in a perderatic relationship
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Symposia
male only parties for discussing philosophy etc.
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meaning of philosophy?
love of wisdom
or
love of thinking
or
love of thinking
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Infames
people with no legal standing in Roman society because of their proffession
(e.g actors, prostitutes)
(e.g actors, prostitutes)
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When did Plato live?
427-348 BC
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What kind of family did Plato come from?
a wealthy Athenian family
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What war did Plato serve in?
The Peloponnesian war
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Where does our knowledge of Socrates
come from?
come from?
Plato's writings
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Why was Socrates executed?
What did Plato do?
What did Plato do?
Socrates was executed for corrupting the youth and neglecting the gods
Plato left Athens in disgust and traveled widely
Plato left Athens in disgust and traveled widely
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When did Plato return to Athens?
387 BC
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What was The Academy?
Why was it called that?
Why was it called that?
Plato's school of philosophy in Athens
named after the hero Acedemos
named after the hero Acedemos
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Who was Plato's most famous student?
Aristotle
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How many dialogues did Plato write?
Around 30
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Who is the main interlocutor in Plato's dialogues?
Why can they be hard to interpret?
Why can they be hard to interpret?
Socrates is the main interlocutor
makes it hard to tell whether they are Socrates' ideas or Plato's using Socrates as a mouthpiece
makes it hard to tell whether they are Socrates' ideas or Plato's using Socrates as a mouthpiece
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3 Plato ideas?
The Allegory of the Cave
The Theory of Forms
The Philosopher King
The Theory of Forms
The Philosopher King
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When is the Symposium set?
Set in 416 BC at the height of Classical Athens, during the Peloponnesian war
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When was the Symposium written?
385 BC
written after a peak, looking back at
a golden era
written after a peak, looking back at
a golden era
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Who is Phaedrus
An aristocratic Athenian
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What is Phaedrus' argument?
That love has a greater power over people than anything else
That it is the oldest and most powerful force
Gods reward those who recognise the importance of love
An army of lovers would never lose
That it is the oldest and most powerful force
Gods reward those who recognise the importance of love
An army of lovers would never lose
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Which historians does Phaedrus cite?
Hesiod
Parmenidies
Acusilaus
Parmenidies
Acusilaus
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What myths does Phardrus cite? What is his commentary?
Alcestis - rewarded by the gods for her display of love
Achilles - killed himself in revenge of Patroclus, was the beloved
Orpheus - was a coward, should have killed himself to be with Euridice
Achilles - killed himself in revenge of Patroclus, was the beloved
Orpheus - was a coward, should have killed himself to be with Euridice
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How would a male Athenian help secure the community?
fighting as a soldier
giving opinions in the assembly
giving opinions in the assembly
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Who was the ideal Greek woman?
Why?
Why?
Penelope
~ A dutiful and faithful wife
~ Given a worthy male heir
~Keeps control of her houshold
~ A dutiful and faithful wife
~ Given a worthy male heir
~Keeps control of her houshold
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Most important moments of an
Athenian man's life?
Athenian man's life?
Birth
Marriage
Going to war
Death
Marriage
Going to war
Death
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Virtus
Courage or virtue
a defining concept for Roman men
a defining concept for Roman men
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Cursus honorum
a system of political offices in the senate,
elected annually
elected annually
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How would a Roman start climbing the Cursus honorum?
joining the military
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What was the crucial part of climbing the Roman career ladder?
Rhetoric
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What was Rhetoric used for in Rome?
win votes during elections
plead legal cases in the law courts
command soldiers in the field
plead legal cases in the law courts
command soldiers in the field
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Pudicitia
Roman idea of chastity and sexual modesty
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Significance of the Grave stele of Hesego?
Shows woman choosing jewelry from box offered by slave girl
a domestic scene shown in public
idealises and emphasises the virtues of Hesego
a domestic scene shown in public
idealises and emphasises the virtues of Hesego
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What would Roman wives wear?
an orange veil and orange shoes
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In a Roman wedding, who would give away the bride?
the chief bridesmaid
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What was the purpose of the dowry?
insurance in case the wife :
was not a virgin
could not have children
was a rubbish wife
was not a virgin
could not have children
was a rubbish wife
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Why was it expensive to have a daughter?
have to provide dowries and arrange marriages
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What is the Proaulia?
The bride would sacrifice her toys and locks of
her hair to Artemis for a smooth transition
from maid to wife.
taking place at the bride's family home
her hair to Artemis for a smooth transition
from maid to wife.
taking place at the bride's family home
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What was the Gamos?
A bath to cleanse the bride
A feast with men and women at different tables
Father gives the bride away
Bride escorted to the husband's house, followed by the bridal party
A feast with men and women at different tables
Father gives the bride away
Bride escorted to the husband's house, followed by the bridal party
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What was the Epaulia?
Husband and bride were awakened with
singing and gifts
The sheets were checked
singing and gifts
The sheets were checked
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What were the conditions necessary
for a woman in Athens to get divorced?
for a woman in Athens to get divorced?
would need her father or guardian to agree to take her back, for financial security
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Expected duties of an Athenian woman?
take care of the day to day administration of the oikos:
- controlling income
- organising slaves
- working wool
-raising children
- controlling income
- organising slaves
- working wool
-raising children
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Powers of a male Athenian in his
marriage/divorce?
marriage/divorce?
- Could decide whether or not to keep
any children born to his wife
- Relatively easy to divorce
- Would have to return the dowry and
would retain the children
any children born to his wife
- Relatively easy to divorce
- Would have to return the dowry and
would retain the children
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Kyrios
Head of the oikos
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Responsibilities of the kyrios?
responsible for the women, children and other female relatives.
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When could a Roman woman take the power of pater familias?
if a man died with no male heirs
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What legal rights did Roman women have?
they could inherit and own property
they could become businesswomen and create their own profits.
they could become businesswomen and create their own profits.
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In a Roman divorce, who would the
children go to?
children go to?
the pater familias
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What is the pater familias?
the head of the household
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What is the legal power of the pater familias called?
who does it apply to?
who does it apply to?
patria potestas
applied to every Roman citizen until t
heir father died
applied to every Roman citizen until t
heir father died
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Two kinds of love mentioned by Pausanius?
Uranian love= male love that blossoms into
friendship, shared knowledge and virtue
Pandemian love=sexual love, desire and passion
friendship, shared knowledge and virtue
Pandemian love=sexual love, desire and passion
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What is Eryximachus' argument?
that love is a universal phenomenon, can be seen in nature, the heavens and music, it produces harmony in life.
Too much desire is dangerous
Too much desire is dangerous
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Aristophanes' argument?
the story of the androgynes
everyone looking for their other half
love in all forms
manliest people possible are men who love men.
everyone looking for their other half
love in all forms
manliest people possible are men who love men.
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Agathon's argument?
love is desired because love is beautiful
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Socrates's argument?
taught about love by a priestess called Diomitia.
love is the middle ground of poverty and resource, therefore love is a trap.
you need to walk move past the trap to find the beauty. Beauty is goodness and truth, therefore love is philosophy. Love produce
love is the middle ground of poverty and resource, therefore love is a trap.
you need to walk move past the trap to find the beauty. Beauty is goodness and truth, therefore love is philosophy. Love produce
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What is Alcibiades' argument?
That Socrates is the embodiment of love
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How did trade help Athens' development?
ideas came in from all over the ancient world
brought wealth to the city
brought wealth to the city
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How did trade hinder Athens?
Wealth became increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few
Debt slaves
Lots of changes in political structure and inconsistency in the laws of the city
Debt slaves
Lots of changes in political structure and inconsistency in the laws of the city
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What did Solon do?
modified and revised Draconian law
cancellation of debts
abolishment of debt slavery
created opportunities for common people to participate in government - laying foundations for democracy
cancellation of debts
abolishment of debt slavery
created opportunities for common people to participate in government - laying foundations for democracy
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What does Plato say about desire being controlled in Republic?
the behaviour of the individual affects the state
it is in everyone's best interests to be moderate and well controlled
immoderate love compared to the behaviour of an extreme tyrant
everyone experiences desire in dreams, but our rational selves can contr
it is in everyone's best interests to be moderate and well controlled
immoderate love compared to the behaviour of an extreme tyrant
everyone experiences desire in dreams, but our rational selves can contr
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What is Phaedo?
an account by Plato of Socrates' last dialogue
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What does Phaedo say about desire?
the true philosopher rises above his desires using reason alone to inform his actions
Desire is described as nails hammered into the soul
Desire is described as nails hammered into the soul
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What does Laws say about desire?
if society is too relaxed then the young will be too obsessed with sex to do anything else
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How would Plato describe desire?
A physical want/ need for sex
A positive emotion only in moderation as it has great control over people.
An excess of desire is a disease.
A positive emotion only in moderation as it has great control over people.
An excess of desire is a disease.
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How would Plato differentiate between love and desire?
Desire - physical want for the body, destructive in excess, weakens the state
Love - want for knowledge and the soul, makes men do great things, strengthens the state through the sharing of knowledge and improving fighting skills
Love - want for knowledge and the soul, makes men do great things, strengthens the state through the sharing of knowledge and improving fighting skills
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Who was the first Stoic?
Zeno of Cyprus
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What are the 4 Cardinal Virtues of Stoicism?
Wisdom
Temperance
Justice
Courage
Temperance
Justice
Courage
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What was Seneca's opinion on slavery?
Against slavery
Believed in in equality for all people
We all have the same fundamental humanity
Believed in in equality for all people
We all have the same fundamental humanity
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Seneca's Political career
Fell out of favour with Caligula
Comes back to serve Claudius, who then exiled him
Tutored Nero - retired when Agrippina was murdered
Was caught up in a conspiracy to kill Nero and
was forced to kill himself
Comes back to serve Claudius, who then exiled him
Tutored Nero - retired when Agrippina was murdered
Was caught up in a conspiracy to kill Nero and
was forced to kill himself
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Sources for Seneca
Letters from a Stoic
Essays by Seneca
The play Phaedra that he wrote
Cassius Dio
Tacitus
Essays by Seneca
The play Phaedra that he wrote
Cassius Dio
Tacitus
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How does Seneca reject more traditional Stoicism?
He has money and a wife.
Has emotional attachments and material wealth.
Has emotional attachments and material wealth.
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Who did Seneca tutor?
Nero and Claudius
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How much was the personal wealth of Seneca?
300 million sesterces
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Ideas around the origins of Seneca's stoicism?
Became a Stoic in response to seeing the greed of the emperors
or
was a traditional Stoic and his Stoicism was softened by Imperial influence
or
was a traditional Stoic and his Stoicism was softened by Imperial influence
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Key events in Book 13 of Tacitus' Annals?
- Seneca wrote a lot of Nero's speeches
- Nero probably murdered Britannicus
- Nero fell in love with a freedwoman
- Nero dressing as a slave to visit brothels
and start fights, being copied by other
elite Romans
- Nero probably murdered Britannicus
- Nero fell in love with a freedwoman
- Nero dressing as a slave to visit brothels
and start fights, being copied by other
elite Romans
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Key events in Book 14 of Tacitus' Annals?
- Nero schemes to kill Agrippina
^^ Seneca is implicit, writes a speech
to say that Nero was not responsible
-Nero has a huge **** in the palace gardens
-Seneca begs to retire but Nero won't let him
^^ Seneca is implicit, writes a speech
to say that Nero was not responsible
-Nero has a huge **** in the palace gardens
-Seneca begs to retire but Nero won't let him
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Tacitus' criticism of Seneca?
"By what kind of wisdom and maxims of philosophy has Seneca within four years of royal favour amassed 300 million sesterces?"
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Seneca's opinions on slaves?
How can we call people slaves when all of us are slaves to lust and gluttony?
Very against having sex with slaves
but had slaves himself
Very against having sex with slaves
but had slaves himself
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How does Seneca's Stoicism view humanity?
Humanity is one large community living
according to a divine will
according to a divine will
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What is the goal of the Stoics?
To elevate reason above the desires of
the body to achieve apatheia
To live very simply, feel no pain and
only have basic needs
Let reason master your life
the body to achieve apatheia
To live very simply, feel no pain and
only have basic needs
Let reason master your life
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What is apatheia?
Immunity to pain
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What is Seneca's caveat to traditional Stoicism?
We all need friends and grief,
Desire is allowed if there is a reason
Desire is allowed if there is a reason
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Robin Campbell on Seneca's Stoicism?
"Early Stoicism had a forbidding aspect
which went far to explain its failure to influence the masses, Seneca's letters and essays show a Stoicism more closely reconciled with the facts
and frailty of human nature."
which went far to explain its failure to influence the masses, Seneca's letters and essays show a Stoicism more closely reconciled with the facts
and frailty of human nature."
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Anna Motto on Seneca's ideas of love?
"True love is, in many ways analogous to an ideal friendship: both arise from mutual, genuine affection; neither is propelled by any ulterior motive stemming from greed, profit, ambition or renown"
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Key events in Book 15 of Tacitus' Annals?
Nero has another ****, marries Pythagoras
Fire of Rome
Nero rebuilds with massive palace and pleasure gardens in the centre of the city
Seneca is accused of plotting to kill Nero
Fire of Rome
Nero rebuilds with massive palace and pleasure gardens in the centre of the city
Seneca is accused of plotting to kill Nero
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Seneca, Letter 59?
On Pleasure and Joy
"only the brave, the just, the self-restrained
may rejoice"
"only the brave, the just, the self-restrained
may rejoice"
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Seneca, Letter 83?
On Drunkenness
"No man in the holds of drunkenness has power over his soul"
"No man in the holds of drunkenness has power over his soul"
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Seneca, Letter 75?
On the disease of the soul,
"passions are objectionable impulses of the soul"
Compares desire to tuberculosis
"passions are objectionable impulses of the soul"
Compares desire to tuberculosis
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Seneca, Letter 63?
"Let us greedily enjoy our friends for we do not know how long this privilege will be ours"
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How many sesterces were needed to
become a senator?
become a senator?
1 million
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What did Seneca famously supposedly
write for Nero?
write for Nero?
A defense of the murder of Agrippina
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Theory as to why Seneca wrote his Philosophy?
the juxtaposition of following a philosophy that praises community and condemns tyranny, whilst being advisor to a dissolute tyrant.
Wrote to show his Stoic ideals, even if he could not live by them.
Wrote to show his Stoic ideals, even if he could not live by them.
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2 Philosophers who influenced Seneca?
-Plato
-Epicurus - wrote letters of instruction
and moral issues
-Showed Seneca the power of the
written word in the transmission of
philosophy
-Epicurus - wrote letters of instruction
and moral issues
-Showed Seneca the power of the
written word in the transmission of
philosophy
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Seneca, Letter 9?
On Philosophy and friendship
"there is great pleasure, not only in maintaining old and established friendships, but also in beginning and aquiring new ones"
Friendship should be mutual and not for personal gain.
Love = Friendship gone mad
Wise man does no
"there is great pleasure, not only in maintaining old and established friendships, but also in beginning and aquiring new ones"
Friendship should be mutual and not for personal gain.
Love = Friendship gone mad
Wise man does no
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Love = friendship gone mad
Source?
Source?
Seneca, Letter 9
On Philosophy and friendship
On Philosophy and friendship
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Roman response to traditional Stoicism?
Old fashioned,
thoughts of 'community' and and 'service to humanity' probably ended with the Republic
thoughts of 'community' and and 'service to humanity' probably ended with the Republic
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Cassius Dio critisising Seneca?
"doing everything most contrary to the life about which he philosiphised. For even though he had denounced tyrants, he became a tyrant tutor"
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Why was Seneca celebrated?
He was credited with the stability of then first five years of Nero's reign
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Evidence for positive reception of Seneca's philosophy?
- Work was deemed worthy of being
reproduced
- Favourable for contemporary Stoics
and some elites
reproduced
- Favourable for contemporary Stoics
and some elites
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Seneca's relationship with his wife?
Paulina
a pure love with no thought of advantage
Seneca takes better care of himself for her happiness <-- letter 104
a pure love with no thought of advantage
Seneca takes better care of himself for her happiness <-- letter 104
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What is it that 'maddens' friendship and
turns it into love?
turns it into love?
Desire
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Seneca, Letter 85?
On some vain syllogisms
Nip passions in the bud before they become overpowering, a 'rushing stream'
Nip passions in the bud before they become overpowering, a 'rushing stream'
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What does Seneca suggest to resist desire?
Avoid situations that lead to desire
Avoid being drunk as it leads to public displays
of affection, the worst and most shocking example of non-control
Avoid being drunk as it leads to public displays
of affection, the worst and most shocking example of non-control
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Seneca linking desire and animals?
Animals cannot resist desire, because they cannot use logic
If men give into desire they are no better than animals.
It is unnatural for a human to not have self control
If men give into desire they are no better than animals.
It is unnatural for a human to not have self control
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Stoic idea of a god?
A god is one without flaws, therefore they
can resist desire
can resist desire
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True Stoics on homoeroticism ?
True Stoics did not have a problem with homoerotic relationships.
Zeno of Cyprus only had sex with men
Zeno of Cyprus only had sex with men
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Seneca, Letter 123?
On the conflict between pleasure and virtue
Taking the passive role in sex is 'abuse'
Taking the passive role in sex is 'abuse'
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When were homoerotic relationships
permissible in Roman society?
permissible in Roman society?
Only permissible with slaves or infames
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Seneca. Letter 47?
On Master and Slave
"Love cannot be mixed with fear"
innate equality of people in Stoic philosophy
"Love cannot be mixed with fear"
innate equality of people in Stoic philosophy
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What does Seneca say in his
'Consolation to Helvia'?
'Consolation to Helvia'?
"Lust was given to humanity, not for the sake of pleasure, but for the propagation of the human race"
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What does Seneca say in his
'Consolation to Marcia'?
'Consolation to Marcia'?
That her son is free from 'enslavement' and now that he is dead he will not suffer the 'stings of lust which rips the soul apart through its pleasure'
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What does Seneca say in
'On Benefits'?
'On Benefits'?
How can you call someone a slave when you yourself are a slave to gluttony and lust
"At the same time you despise slaves and worship them!"
The luckiest people feel no lust
"Pleasure is fragile, brief and subject to distaste"
"At the same time you despise slaves and worship them!"
The luckiest people feel no lust
"Pleasure is fragile, brief and subject to distaste"
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What do we know about Sappho's family?
Back
She had a daughter called Cleis
and 3 brothers
and 3 brothers
Card 3
Front
What age did Greek men have to join the army?
Back
Card 4
Front
What kind of philosopher was Seneca?
Back
Card 5
Front
Main principle of Stoic philosophy?
Back
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