M13 - 08 Instruments
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- Created by: Bikboi
- Created on: 05-03-24 14:23
What is found in the basic T?
ADI, ASI, Altimeter, Compass
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What does ISA stand for?
International standard atmosphere
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What is the air pressure at sea level?
1013.25 hPa
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What is the standard air temperature at 10000ft?
-5c
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What is true of air pressure at 18,000ft?
50% of pressure at sea level
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How can an altimeters pressure be set manually?
Barometric knob
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What happens to air pressure for every 30ft of altitude gain?
1 hPa decrease
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How is QFE (Field Elevation) obtained?
ATIS/ATC
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Which Q code is used during takeoff/landing?
QNH
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How can dynamic pressure be calculated?
Total pressure - static pressure
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What inputs are used by the airspeed indicator?
Total Pressure + Static Pressure
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Where are pneumatic airspeed indicators used as standby indicators only?
Large commercial aircraft
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Which airspeed value is only important for design data and calculations?
EAS - Equivalent Air Speed
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Which airspeed value requires air data computers?
CAS - Calibrated Air Speed
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What does CAS correct for?
Static source error + indicator error
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What system calculates ground speed?
Inertial Reference Unit
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What does the term Vso mean?
Stall speed in landing configuration
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What does the term Vs1 mean?
Stall speed with a clean config and maximum aircraft weight
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What does the term Vno mean?
Maximum speed in cruise
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What does the term Vne mean?
Maximum allowed airspeed
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What is true of the over-speed and stall warning systems?
Independent of the indication
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What does the term Vmo (Velocity Maximum Operating) mean?
Maximum allowed airspeed at low altitude
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How is the static pressure line of a VSI (Vertical Speed Indicator) connected to the unit?
Via a calibrated metering unit
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Within a vertical speed indicator, when the aircraft descends, what is true of the bellows?
The bellows expand due to increasing static pressure
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How does an instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI) achieve an instantaneous reading?
It uses a small pump with a spring loaded piston
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What can cause an instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI) to give a wrong indication?
A turn with a high bank angle
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What is the alternate input signal for the instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI)?
Air Data Computer (ADC)
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What does a mach meter indicate?
Ratio of true airspeed to actual speed of sound
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What is true of the total air temperature (TAT) in comparison to the static air temperature (SAT)?
TAT is higher than SAT during flight
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What is another name for the total air temperature (TAT) probe?
Rose-mount probe
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Which temperature probe can be used directly for engine thrust calculations?
TAT
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Where are static pressure ports always located?
In an area of smooth airflow
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How is static source error found?
Difference between measured and real static pressure
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How was Static Source Error (SSE) compensated for in the past?
Pilots used diagrams from the flight manual
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What flight situation influences the measured static pressure?
Sideslip
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How are side slip errors compensated?
One static port is installed on each side of the aircraft, both ports are connected.
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What prevents ice from blocking the pitot tube during flight?
Probe heating
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What prevents water or foreign objects from entering the pitot pressure line?
Baffle
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During flight, what is true of the pressure inside an unpressurised cabin?
Slightly lower than the ambient static pressure, due to the venturi effect
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What happens to the Altimeter indication in an unpressurised cabin when there is a static system leak?
Increases
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What happens to the airspeed indication in a pressurised cabin when there is a leak in the pitot system?
Becomes unpredictable
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What happens to the airspeed indication when there is a pitot & static system leak?
Reads 0
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What happens to the altimeter indication when there is a blocked static system?
Stays the same
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What happens to the airspeed indication when there is a blocked pitot system?
Begins to act like the altimeter
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What happens to the airspeed indication when there is a blocked pitot system but the drain hole remains open?
Reads 0
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Where are pitot system water drains found?
Lowest part of the system
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If the captains static pressure system is faulty, what can be used instead?
Co-pilots static pressure system with the use of the alternate static source selector valve
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What does an air data module do?
Converts air pressure directly into a digital data word
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Where are air data modules found?
Near the static port or pitot tube
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What are the 3 types of Air Data Computer (ADC)?
Analogue Air Data Computers, Digital Air Data Computers and Hybrid Air Data Computers
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How are output signals sent from a Digital Air Data Computer (DADC)?
ARINC 429
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An Analogue Air Data Computer contains an altitude module, an airspeed module and what else?
Mach module
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Apart from the 3 main modules of the Analogue Air Data Computer, what else does it do?
Corrections for static source error (SSEC)
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How is the mechanical movement of the bellows in an analogue air data computer converted into a proportional electrical signal?
E pickup transducer
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What advantage does the transducer in a digital air data computer have over the analogue air data computer transducers?
The same transducer type can be used for pitot and static pressure
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What are the two types of transducer found in a digital air data computer?
Resistive bridge and vibrating cylinder
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What will trigger a typical altitude deviation alert?
Altitude deviation of more than 300ft from the selected altitude
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When does the visual altitude alert extinguish?
If the aircraft returns to the correct altitude or on some systems, when the deviation becomes more than 900ft
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When is the altitude alert inhibited?
When a new altitude is selected or the aircraft intercepts the glide slope to start the landing.
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In a typical system, what happens when the aircraft approaches the selected altitude during manual flight?
The altitude alert systems gives an alert
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When in manual flight, when is the altitude alert system alert given to level off the aircraft?
When the aircraft is about 900ft away from the selected altitude and the alert stops when the difference becomes less than 300ft
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When the airspeed is higher than Vmo or Mmo, what happens in relation to the over-speed warning system?
An overspeed warning is given which includes an aural warning or a clacker
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What is compared by the stall warning system?
Actual angle of attack and alpha max
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What does the stall warning system do when the critical angle of attack is reached?
Activates a stick shaker and in modern aircraft, an aural warning
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On all large commercial aircraft, what is required by aviation law?
Flight Data Recorder (FDR)
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On earlier generations of FDRs, what allowed synchronization of the recorded data from air traffic and the cockpit voice recorder?
A pulse when the push to talk switch was activated
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What are the two types of storage devices in use in modern Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)?
Magnetic Tape and Solid state memory
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How long is data stored in the FDR?
25 flight hours
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Where is the FDR usually located?
Tail section
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What forces must the FDR withstand?
1000G and 1000°C
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What must all FDRs be fitted with to locate the aircraft under water?
Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB)
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What frequency does the ULB transmit at?
37.5 khz
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What causes the ULB transmission to begin?
When it comes into contact with water
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The ULB must be able to withstand depths of more than 3000 metres but how long must it be able to transmit for?
90 days
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How does the FDR receive the flight number and the date?
Flight Management Computer (FMC) or Flight Data Entry Panel
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Where must all aircraft system signals go first on modern flight recorders?
Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU)
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When talking about aircraft gyroscopes, what is a VG?
Vertical Gyro
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When talking about aircraft gyroscopes, what is a DG?
Directional Gyro
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What instrument receives attitude indications from a Vertical Gyro (VG)?
Attitude Director Indicator (ADI)
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What two instruments does the Directional Gyro (DG) provide heading reference signal for?
Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) and Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
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What is a rate gyro used for?
Rate of turn indication
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Modern aircraft us an Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), what gyro does this system use?
Laser gyro
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What 3 parameters does gyro stability depend on?
Mass, rotational speed and distance between axis and centre of mass
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What speed do gyros on aircraft spin at?
up to 24000rpm
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What is gyro precession?
When you apply a force to tilt the gyro axis you get a reaction which is shifted by 90°
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What type of gyro has 3° of freedom?
Space gyro
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How much does a vertical gyro 'topple' in 6 hours at the equator?
90°
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How much does a vertical gyro 'topple' in 6 hours at the pole?
0°
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How is apparent topple calculated?
15° x cos(Latitude)
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In regards to an artificial horizon, when the aircraft nose moves up, what happens to the aircraft reference symbol?
Moves up
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How is the drift of an air driven Directional Gyro (DG) compensated for?
Manually by the pilot with the use of a heading set knob
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In regards to gyros, where does real drift and topple come from?
Mechanical imbalances and bearing forces
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What is true in regards to real drift and topple of new/overhauled gyros?
Very small
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What are the two types of devices used to provide an erection system with an earth reference signal?
Pendulum or Liquid level switches
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How are gyros driven in small aircraft?
Air driven with cockpit air
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What does the suction regulator limit the rate of suction at within an air driven gyro system?
5 inches of mercury
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Where is the air filter on an air driven gyro system located?
Intake
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What flight condition causes erection systems to not work correctly?
Large longitudinal accelerations which effect the aircraft
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What is the rate of gyro erection limited to?
3° per minute
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In electrical gyros, after a long power interruption and the gyro is switched on, what happens?
The gyro has a faster erection rate of about 20° per minute.
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Why do aircraft fly racetrack patterns instead of full turns when holding?
Gives the erection system enough time to compensate for gyro topple
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What are the three types of rate gyro?
Roll, pitch and yaw rate gyro
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What is important in regards to rate gyro indication?
Pitch and roll rate gyros are not used for indication
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What axis is the spin axis of a yaw rate gyro parallel to?
Lateral axis
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What axis is the spin axis of a roll rate gyro?
Vertical
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What axis are the gimbal bearings of a pitch rate gyro in?
Longitudinal
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What type of gyro is used in a rate of turn indicator?
Rate gyro
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How is slip indicated in a turn and slip indicator?
The ball is not centred
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How is a 'perfectly co ordinated' turn indicated on a turn and slip indicator?
The ball is centered
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What rates are shown on a turn indicator?
Yaw and roll
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When must a gyro not be moved?
When it is running at medium speed - between 3 and 20 minutes after power interruption
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How long should you leave a gyro after power interruption before handling?
20 minutes
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When is it not possible to wait until a gyro has completely stopped, when can it be moved?
High speed
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What can develop is a gyro is removed whilst running and tilted more than 20°?
Gimbal lock and bearing damage
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What gyro is used in a standby horizon?
Vertical gyro
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How is the vertical gyro of a standby horizon driven?
Electrically by the aircraft battery system
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What is the maximum rate that an erection system can influence the gyro axis?
3° per minute
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When erection of a gyro is required immediately, what does it require?
A caging mechanism
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What is used to transfer pitch and roll angles from artificial horizon gyros into an electrical signal?
Synchros
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What signal is sent to the ADI when the gyro is operating with normal speed?
Gyro valid
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Where does the auto-flight system and weather radar system usually get attitude information from?
Captains vertical gyro
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In an aircraft fitted with primary flight displays, what is shown when attitude indications differ?
CHECK ATTITUDE
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What gyro is used by the attitude reference system?
Vertical gyro 3 or standby horizon
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In the attitude reference system, what level of attitude disagree will setoff the alert?
5°
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How is heading that is in reference to the geographic north pole called?
True North (TN)
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How is heading that is in reference to the magnetic north pole called?
Magnetic North (MN)
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What is the heading variation?
The difference between the true north and magnetic north
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What is true regarding runway headings?
They must be updated every few years
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When at a latitude of 50°, what is true regarding the horizontal component strength?
50% of the strength at 0° latitude
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What is the main electrical part of a direct reading compass?
The light
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What is the lubber line of a direct reading compass?
The vertical line on the centre of the glass window
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What is used to compensate for fluid expansion due to temperature changes within a direct reading compass?
Expansion unit
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What direction does the vertical component of the earths magnetic field point in the northern hemisphere?
Down
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When flying west or east in the northern hemisphere, what happens to the heading indication when accelerating?
Reads lower
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When flying west or east in the northern hemisphere, what happens to the heading indication when decelerating?
Reads lower
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What is the difference between compass north and magnetic north?
Deviation
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What are the small adjustable magnets within a direct reading compass called?
Compensating magnets
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How often is the deviation of the compass recorded during a compass swing?
Every 90°
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How are correction values derived from a compass turn described?
A, B and C Coefficients
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What is an A coefficient?
Misalignment between compass and aircraft x axis
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What is a B coefficient?
Difference between east and west deviations
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What is a C coefficient?
Difference between north and south deviations
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How are B and C coefficients corrected?
Adjustment screws on the compass
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How are A coefficients corrected?
Turning the compass in its mounting
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What must be completed if complete compensation is not possible?
A compass deviation card recording compass error every 30° during an aircraft turn must be put into the flight deck to be used during flight.
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What gyro is used within a remote compass system?
Directional gyro
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How is drift corrected in old or small aircraft fitted with a directing reading magnetic compass?
An adjustment knob on the front of the unit
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How is the direction of the magnetic field measured in a remote compass system?
Flux valve
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Where might flux valves be located?
Wing tips, wing leading edge or vertical fin
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A slaving annunciator on a remote compass allows the pilot to monitor the correct function of the system, it does this by showing the difference between indicated heading and flux valve signal. How is correct stable direction of the directional gyro shown
The annunciator fluctuates around 0
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How are remaining deviations compensated for on a remote compass system?
Remote compensation unit
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How many displays are typically found within an electronic instrument display system (EIDS)?
6
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What are the main advantages of the EIDS?
Clear, bright and colour displays, no loss of data if 1 display fails and easier maintenance
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What are the two types of EIDS display?
EFIS and Central warning system
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Where are the central warning system displays usually located?
Centre instrument panel
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How is a picture generated in a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display?
Electron beam that triggers a fluorescent layer
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What are the two types of writing used in a CRT display?
Raster and Stroke
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What type of writing is used for lighted areas of the display?
Raster
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Why are LCDs used for displays?
Smaller in size and less heat generation
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What is a thin film transistor (TFT) used for in an LCD display?
To switch on/off different colour filters on the liquid crystal molecules.
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When ambient lighting increases, what does the automatic brightness control do to the display brightness?
Increases display brightness
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What are the two types of display switching available within the EIDS?
Automatic and manual switching
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What displays is automatic switching performed on?
Upper display unit or outboard display as these display most important information
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When is manual display switching required?
Inboard or lower display fails, recover an automatically replaced image or when multiple displays fail.
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How can a failed display be seen?
Blank screen or white line across screen
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How is airspeed always expressed in an Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)?
Knots
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What does a small arrow above or below the airspeed indication indicate?
Current trend in airspeed
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What must always be present on the Navigation Display (ND)?
Aircraft heading, small aircraft reference symbol, way point data and ground speed
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What angle of arc is shown on the arc mode of the ND?
90°
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What are the two types of warning from the instrument warning system?
Local and Central
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Where are central warnings usually displayed?
ECAM/EICAS displays and attention getters
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How are warning lights usually colour coded?
Red - Immediate action, Amber - Action required but not immediate and White - abnormal state
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What are the 3 levels of alert?
Warning, Caution and Advisory
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What are the two type of attention getter?
Master warning and master caution
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What aural warning is used for a master warning?
Continuous aural warning
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What aural warning is used for a master caution?
Single chime aural warning
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What is the important aircraft information that must be shown by the upper display?
Engine parameters, fuel on board and flap position
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What is the function that is used to prevent some messages and attention getters during critical flight phases?
Flight phase inhibit
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What is the function of the lower display?
To display information about the condition of the aircraft system
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What is the highest priority for the automatic system page system?
Central warning messages
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What is the lowest priority for the automatic system page system?
Flight phase related pages
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What radio altitude range is used for the basic GPWS?
30 - 2450ft
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What is GPWS mode 1?
Excessive descent
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What is GPWS mode 2?
Excessive terrain closure
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What is GPWS mode 3?
Altitude loss
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What is GPWS mode 4?
Unsafe terrain clearance
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What is GPWS mode 5?
Glideslope
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What is GPWS mode 6?
Advisory callouts
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What is GPWS mode 7?
Windshear (specific aircraft types)
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What are the two additional functions provided by EGPWS?
Terrain awareness alerting and display, Terrain clearance floor
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What is the purpose of EGPWS?
To prevent controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)
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What is used to derive tank sensor signals to calculate output data for indications and automatic system control?
Fuel Quantity Computer
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How else are fuel quantity probes described?
Tank units
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What is the capacitance of a fuel quantity probe dependent on?
Area of the plates, Distance between the plates and material between plates
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When a probe is completely covered by fuel, what happens to the capacitance of the probe?
Increased by a factor of 2.2
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When is the capacitance of a fuel quantity probe at its maximum value?
When the probe is completely filled with fuel
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When a single fuel quantity probe is fault, what happens to the fuel level indication?
Nothing, the computer can calculate correct fuel level when one probe is faulty
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What is measured by the fuel characteristic sensors?
Fuel density and dielectric constant
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Why are fuel characteristic sensors fitted at the lowest part of the tanks?
To ensure they remain covered by fuel as long as possible
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What two types of fuel characteristic sensor are fitted in each tank?
Densitometer and compensator
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What is the purpose of the compensator in the fuel tank?
To correct the variation of dielectric constants due to temperature and different fuel brands.
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What accuracy of fuel quantity calculation is normally achieved?
Greater than 99%
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What happens to the signal if a fuel sensor fails?
The value is replaced by a standard value
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What are the 3 main types of fuel level sensor?
Float switch, thermistor type and single point sensor
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How is fuel temperature measured?
A thermistor
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What are the main parts of the engine vibration monitoring system?
Indication, Sensor and Vibration monitoring computer
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Where are the 2 vibration sensors usually located on each engine?
Compressor and turbine
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How is vibration information usually displayed?
Units ranging from 0 to 6
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What does ISA stand for?
Back
International standard atmosphere
Card 3
Front
What is the air pressure at sea level?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is the standard air temperature at 10000ft?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is true of air pressure at 18,000ft?
Back
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