Medicines, Disease and Health Revision Study Block 2

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What is gram negative bacteria?
Thin cell wall, Extra Membrane. More resistant to antibiotics. Pink after gram staining.
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What is gram positive bacteria?
Thick cell wall. No extra membrane. Purple after gram staining.
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What does Pharmacodynamics means?
What the drug does to the body
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What does Pharmacokinetics mean?
What the body does to the drug
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What are the pharmacokinetic interactions?
ADME - Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
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What can commonly affect the absorption of drugs?
Milk.
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Which two drugs will fight for protein binding sites?
Warfarin (anticoagulant) and Phenytoin (epilepsy)
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What enzyme helps the metabolism of drugs?
Cytochrome P450
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Where does the metabolism of drugs happen?
The liver
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What do enzyme inducers do?
Increase the metabolism of concomitant drugs = decreases concentration of these drugs in the body.
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What is an example of an enzyme inducer?
Carbamazepine when taken with oral contraceptives.
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What do enzyme inhibitors do?
Decrease the metabolism of concomitant drugs = increase in concentration of these drugs in the body.
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What is an example of an enzyme inhibitor?
Amiodarone when taken with Warfarin.
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What is an example of a drug that affects the excretion of another drug?
Ibuprofen and lithium
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What is an adverse drug reaction
When a medication is taken within its therapeutic range but side effects occur.
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What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
Not known why or how it happens for example Steven Johnsons Syndrome after taking penicillin.
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What are the stages of virion reproduction?
1. Attachment. 2. Penetration. 3. Uncoating. 4. Biosynthesis. 5. Assembly. 6. Release
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What are the different types of fungi?
Yeast, Mould, Dimorphic Fungi.
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What are the features of yeast?
Multicellular, reproduces by budding
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What is the difference between a fungal cell wall and a bacterial cell wall?
Made of chitin
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Herpes simplex exists as two serotypes but what do these serotypes affect?
Serotype 1 - mouth, lips and eyes. Serotype 2 - usually genital herpes.
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What is true about herpes simplex?
There is no cure but aciclovir cream can be used to help treat cold sores for serotype 1 herpes and oral aciclovir, valaciclovir or famciclovir can be used to help serotype 2 (genital) herpes
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What is sepsis?
When the body response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs.
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What are the symptoms of an adult with sepsis?
Unusually tired, confused, slurred speech, Blue, blotchy skin and a rash that doesn't fade if you roll a glass on it, difficulty breathing
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What are symptoms of a baby with sepsis?
High pitched cry, a rash that won't fade, difficulty breathing, sleepier than normal,
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What are the risk factors of sepsis?
Recent trauma, surgery or given birth (last 6 weeks), use of IV drugs, catheter or indwelling line, breach of skin integrity, 75+, Under 1, Immunosuppressed or immunodeficient,
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What treatment could be given to treat sepsis if the cause is unknown?
Piperacillin/ tazobactam or meropenem if required: O2 and fluids
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What do Cephalosporins do?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
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What are examples of Cephalosporins?
Cefradine, Cefalexin
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What is something to be cautious of if a person is prescribed cephalosporins?
If the person has had a reaction to penicillin, usually they will also have a reaction to cephalosporins.
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What are cephalosporins such as cefradine and cefalexin usually used as?
Broad acting anti bacterials such as in the treatment of UTIS, resp tract inf, soft tissue inf and otitis media,
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What is gasteroenteritis?
An infection of the GI tract cause by ingestion of contaminated food or drink - also called FOOD POISIONING.
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What can Bacterial Gastroenteritis be caused by?
Salmonella, E.coli
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What is the suggested treatment for gastroenteritis?
Oral rehydration therapy
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What is acute bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchial airway, usually more likely to be viral.
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What is pneumonia?
Air sacs filling with fluid
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What medication may be used to treat respiratory tract infections?
Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Doxycycline, Co-amoxiclav, Levofloxacin
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What is cystitis?
Infection of the bladder (a lower UTI).
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What are the symptoms of a UTI?
Increased frequency needing to urinate, pain when weeing, blood in wee, cloudy and smelly urine,
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What is conjunctivitis?
Infection of the conjunctiva that can be allergic, viral or bacterial.
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What treatment might be recommended for conjunctivitis?
Chloramphenicol if the patient is over two years old.
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What is a symptom of conjunctivitis?
Watery discharge if viral or yellow/green discharge if bacterial.
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What antibiotics would be prescribed for a sore throat?
Sore throats are usually viral so antibiotics aren't recommended without a FEVERpain or Centor test. If scores 2-3 then clarithromyscin or phenoxymethypenicillin.
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What are the symptoms of a streptococcal throat infection?
Red spots on the top of the mouth, fever.
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What tests should be do to check that a sore throat is a streptococcal throat infection (bacterial)?
FEVER pain, Centor
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What does immunity mean?
To be protected against a disease.
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What are the two different types of immunity?
Innate which is non-specific immunity that comes into action every time there is an infection and Acquired Immunity which is specific immunity against specific organisms
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What is Cytotoxicity?
Killing organisms by attacking their cell membrane.
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What is inflammation?
Immediate response to tissue damage when white blood cells are involved.
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What happens during swelling?
Mast cells release histamine - causes capillaries to leak - encourages phagocytes and clotting factors to the area = swelling, heat, pain, redness.
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How and why is temperature increased during infections?
- To prevent bacterial growth. - Phagocytes release interleukin 1 that causes an increase in temperature,.
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What temperature is classes as hypothermia?
<35 degrees Celsius.
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What temperature is classes as a mild fever?
37.5
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What is a child's normal body temperature?
36.4
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What temperature should you refer a child of 0-3 months?
38
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What temperature should you refer an adult to their GP?
39.5+
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What are the protein synthesis inhibitors?
Tetracyclines (Doxycycline), Aminoglycosides (Neomycin, Gentamycin), Lincosamides (Clindamycin), Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Erythromycin). Fusidic acid and Chloraphenicol.
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What does bacteriostatic mean?
Prevents replication.
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Which protein synthesis inhibitors are bacteriostatic?
Lincosamides and macrolides
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What is an example of aminoglycosides? (protein synthesis inhibitors)
Neomycin and Gentamycin
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What is an example of macrolides? (protein synthesis inhibitors)
Clarithromycin and Erythromycin
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What information is true about tetracyclines?
Doxycycline is an example. They are broad spectrum and usually used for respiratory tract inf and chlamydia. If diarrhoea starts stop the medication. Avoid sunlight. Absorption is affected by: milk (calcium), magnesium, iron, aluminium, zinc.
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Why is it advised that a patient should not be pregnant or breast feeding whilst taking doxycycline (a tetracycline)?
Can cause tooth discolouration.
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What is true about aminoglycosides?
Narrow spectrum, used for/against serious infections, septicaemia, eye + ear inf. Requires MONITORING. Examples are neomycin and gentamycin.
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What does Fusidic acid do?
Inhibits protein synthesis.
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What is fusidic acid available as and what does it treat?
Ointment/cream and eye drops. Treats Staphlococci inf.
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Chloramphenicol treats what?
Conjunctivitis and life threatening inf.
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What patient would NOT be able to take Chloramphenicol?
Pregnant ladies or neonates.
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Why can't pregnant women or neonates take chloramphenicol?
!Can cause grey baby syndrome!
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Other than causing grey baby syndrome, what else could chloramphenicol cause?
Long term use - low blood count and renal failure
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What is true about macrolides (Clarithromycin and Erythromycin)?
Broad spectrum
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is gram positive bacteria?

Back

Thick cell wall. No extra membrane. Purple after gram staining.

Card 3

Front

What does Pharmacodynamics means?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does Pharmacokinetics mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the pharmacokinetic interactions?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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