musuloskeletal system
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- Created by: Louisa
- Created on: 31-12-19 12:24
what is the muscoskeltal system
bones of the skeleton and the joints and the muscles
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the skelteon provides (3)
structure, protection, manufactures blood cells
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what is the structure like
light but strong, 206 boines and forms our shape
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axial skeleton includes
skull, sterum, ribs and vertebral column
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appendiular skelton includes
shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
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what is the function of bones
body structure, attachment to mucles and tendons, protecyts organs, mineral storage
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bone building happens when
throughout life
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bone cells are made up of what elements
calcium, phophorus, sodium and collagen
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made up of 65%
calium salts causing hardness
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35% iis what
osteiod (collagen fibres) = strong and slightly flexible
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what are the 3 types of bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
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osteoblasts do what
are bone building cleel and deposit salts and osteoid in bone tissue
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presents at site where
bone is growing, repairing or remodelling
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the osteoblasts differentiate into
osteocytes as they become trapped in pockets of growing b one called lacunae
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osteocytes are what type of bone cell
mature bone cell and don't divide
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they also maintain and monitor abd are n ourished by
bone tissue and tissue fuild in canaliculi
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osteoclasts
bone reabsorbing cells that break done bone, and release calcium and phosphate
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compact (cortical) bone characterised by
soildm hard, strong outer part and makes up 80% OF BODY BONE MASS
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made up of
parallel tubes called osteons surrounding a central canal
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what does the central canal contains
nerves, lymphatic blood vessels
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each canal is connected to... by what.. called...
to neighbouring canals, connected at 90* called perforating canals
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spongy (cancellous and trabecular) bone is characteristed by
spongy mesh like network. red bone marrow, where RBC are produced and yellow bone marrow
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what supports bone
ligaments and carticlage
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ligaments
tough and fibrous join bones together
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cartilage
flexible and rubbery, is protection from bones rubbing together
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what are the 5 tyoes of bone
flat (sternum) shprt (carpels) long (fermur) irregular(vertebrea) or sesmoid (patella)
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charateristic of the long bone
shaft and 2 extremtie
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short irregular flat and sesmoid
no shart or extremities are diverse in shape
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what is the periosteum in context of a bone
the vasular membrane of the bone (covers entire bone apart from cartilage)
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what are the 2 layers of the periosteum
outer - tough and fibrous inner- contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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nerve supple to the shaft
one or more nutrient arteries supply
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epiphysis nerve supple
one blood supple however mature bone capillary networkls connect them
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the sensory nerve enters the bone
with the nutrient artery and branches extensitively hence why injuries to the bone are painful
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short irregualr flat and sesmoid bones are made up of
compact bone, spongy bone and periosteum
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the outer layer of compact bone is
relatively thin
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enclosed by
periosteum, exept cranial bones which is duramater
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development of bones is called
ossification ot osteigenesis
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what does long short and irregular bones develop from
rods of cartilage (cartilage models)
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what does flat bones develop from
membrane models
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what does sesmoid bones develop from
tendon models
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osteoblasts secrete what
osteoid gradually replacing the inital carilage model
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osteoblasts lay down
ca and k salts through osteoid
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gradually this califys and is converted to
hard rigid mature bones
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as the bone grows, osteoblasts are
trapped in the matrix of their own making, and bcome osteocytes
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what is a joint
where 2 bones meet
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fibrous joints often (e.g)
permit no movement (between mandible and tooth
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Cartilaginous joints are formed by
pad of tough fibrocartilage between bones and act as a shock absorber each cartilage of growth plate. often no movement
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synovial joints
space or capsu;le between the articulating bones. mveable joints
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what is the use of hyaline cartilage in the synovial joint
reduces friction
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the capsule ligament
fibrous tissue hold the bones together, but is loose to allow movemnt
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sysnovial membrane
membrane secretes synovial fluid
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what is the synovial fluid
lubricate moving aprts, maintains joint stability, phagocytes remove waste and microbes, nourishes structures
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movement of all joints depends on
tightness of ligament, how well bones fit and intracapsular structures
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types of synovial joint
ball and socket, hinge, gliding, saddle, condyloid and pivot
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ball and socket
allows huge range of movement e.g. hip and shoulder
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hinge joint
movement is restricted to flexion and extension e.g knee
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gliding joint
restricted movement e.g. between carpal bones
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pivot joint
allow rotation of one bone or limb, e.g. te skull
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condyloid jint
allows some movement of bone or limb, e.g. finger (flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction)
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saddle joint
same as condyloid, but allows added movement of the thumb
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muscle do what
move the body and are attached to bones by tendons, bones act as levers and joints provide flexible connections between bones
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types of mucles
smooth, cardiac and skeletal
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skeletal mucle characteristic
voluntary, striated and attached to bone, tires easily and gives body shape
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muscle is made up of
fascicles which are made up of muscle fibres which are made up of myofibrils
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what is the meuromuscualr junction
the synapse between the muscle to the nerve
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the s=muscle cell contracts in reponse to
stimulation from a motor nerve fibre, which usually synapses with the muscle cells
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what is the neaurotrasnmitter thich stimulates ell contraction
Ach or acetylcholine
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smooth muscle characteristics
involuntary, non-striated, longer and slower contractions and don't ire easily
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cardiac muscle
heart cambers are composed of muscle fibre, involuntary, rhythmic and powerful contractions
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what part of the brain controls the muscle
by the motor cortex
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what is osteoporosis
bone density reduces becuase deposition does not keep pace with resorption
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as bone density decreases what increases
susceptibility to fractures increases
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who are more likely to get this disease of the bone
women, due ro menopause causing lowered oestrogen
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osteomyelitis is what
a bacterial infection o the bone following an open facture or surgery
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if not treated it may become
chrobnic, with sinus formation draining ous to the skin, fever and pain
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pagets disease is what
disorder of bone remoddelling due to abnormal activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Rickets and osteomalacia is a
vit d deficiency or vit d metabolism defect
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what other disease of the bone is there
tumours and development abnormlities
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what is rhaumatoid arthritis
a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting maily peripheral synovial joints
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osteoarthritis
degenerative non-inflammatory disease resulting in pain and restictive movement of affected joints, and the cartilage gradually becomes thinner
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secondary osteoarthritis occurs when
the joint is alredy affected by abnormality or disease
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differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - type od disease
OA - degenerative RA - inflammatory + autoimmune
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differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - tissue affected
OA - articular cartilage RA- synovial membrane
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differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - age of onset
OS - late middle age RA - any age
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differences between OA and RA the 2 arthritis diesease - JOINTS AFFECTED
Weight bearing e.g. hip or single joints RA - small e.g. hands and many joints
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what is sprain and strain and dislocation
damage to the soft tissues tendons and ligments
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if repair is incomplete there may be
loss of stability increasing risk of repeated injury
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penetrating injurie e.g fracture, if healing is delayed then
that creates an infecction risk
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chronic inflamation can lead to
permanent degenerative chsnges to the joint
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gout is
the deoistiion of sodium urate crystals in joints and tendons causing inflammtion
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disease of the muscle
mysthenia gravis - block of acetylcholine receptor = muscle weakness
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mmuscle dystrophies
inherited disease that is progressive in degeneration
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other muscle injury includes
repeated stress injury
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the skelteon provides (3)
Back
structure, protection, manufactures blood cells
Card 3
Front
what is the structure like
Back
Card 4
Front
axial skeleton includes
Back
Card 5
Front
appendiular skelton includes
Back
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