Pharmacology 3

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  • Created by: evepoag
  • Created on: 19-10-22 15:11
What parts of the body does the central nervous system consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
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What are the 2 types of peripheral nervous system?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
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What is the limbic system?
It is the part of the brain involved in behavioural and emotional responses, including memory and survival instincts such as fight or flight
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What are the 4 main parts of the limbic system?
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hippocampus
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Name 6 neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Serotonin
Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Glutamate
Gamma-amingobutyric acid (GABA)
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Before neurotransmitters are diffused across the synapse, where are they stored?
Vesicles
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Name 3 ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft
1. they diffuse out
2. reuptake
3. enzymes inactivate them
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Describe neurotransmitter reuptake
To remove the neurotransmitters, some can be taken back up into the presynaptic neurone, it can then be recycled and reused
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What happens in Alzheimer's disease?
Neurones are damaged and the hippocampus shrinks significantly (atrophy)
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What are anti-cholinesterases?
Drugs that prolong the existence of acetylcholine after it is released.
It inhibits cholinesterase enzymes from breaking down acetylcholine
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Name 2 damaging cholinesterase enzymes
acetylcholinesterase
butyrylcholinesterase
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What 3 things can depression cause?
Low mood
Anhedonia
Apathy
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What is anhedonia?
Loss pleasure and enjoyment in life
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What is apathy?
Loss of interest and enthusiasm
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What are the 3 types of antidepressants?
1. SSRIs - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
2. TCAs - Trycyclic antidepressants
3. MAOIs - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
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What is the therapeutic goal of SSRIs?
Increase the level of serotonin to improve depression symptoms
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How do SSRIs work?
They inhibit serotonin reuptake

Transporter proteins take up excess neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cleft. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin so that the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft is increased, which will improve depressi
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What do TCAs do?
They increase the levels of adrenaline AND serotonin, by blocking reuptake channels
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What are monoamines?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Adrenaline
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What do MAOIs do?
Monoamine oxidases are enzymes that break down neurotransmitters that have been reuptaken into the neurone, but haven't entered the vesicles.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors inhibit the action of these enzymes, which increases the amount of neurotransmitter
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What is the first line antidepressant drug treatment?
SSRIs
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What are 'first generation' typical antipsychotics?
They are non-selective and block many receptors, in particular, the dopamine receptors.

This reduces things like delusions and hallucinations, but causes things like lack of motivation and social withdrawal
(lots of side effects)
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What are 'second generation' atypical antipsychotics?
They block dopamine AND serotonin receptors, with an increased blockage of serotonin

they have less side effects
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What is 5-HT2 or 5-hydroxytryptamine?
Serotonin
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What is schizophrenia thought to be caused by?
Overactivity of nerve cells in the brains that overproduce dopamine and serotonin
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Name a few positive and negative symptoms of psychosis
Positive:
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech and behaviour
Negative:
- reduced speech
- loss of motivations
- self-neglect
- social withdrawal
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What can dopamine receptor antagonists or 'second generation' atypical antipsychotics cause?
Parkinsonism
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How does a neurotransmitter diffuse across the synapse?
It releases signalling molecules
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 2 types of peripheral nervous system?

Back

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Card 3

Front

What is the limbic system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the 4 main parts of the limbic system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Name 6 neurotransmitters

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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