Pharmocology - neuro
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- Created by: Louisa
- Created on: 13-01-21 15:36
adrenoreceptors are split into what categories
alpha and beta
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where is alpha1 and alpha2 location and action does it have
alpha 1 - vascular smooth muscle, increases contraction of vascular smooth muscle
alpha2 - CNS , decrease sympathetic outflow
alpha2 - CNS , decrease sympathetic outflow
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where is beta1 and beta2 location and action does it have
Cardiac cells - increase heart rate, contractibility and renin release
vascular and bronchiolar smooth muscle
Vasodilation and bronchodilation
vascular and bronchiolar smooth muscle
Vasodilation and bronchodilation
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acetylcholine receptors are in 2 classes which are
muscarinic and nicotinic
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What drugs that have a direct effect as acetylcholine receptor agonists
acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, muscarine, nicotine,pilocarpine, cevimeline, varenicline
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Indirect acting aceteylcholine receptor agonists are called what
cholinesterase inhibitors
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what is cholinesterase
the enzyme that breaks down Ach to acetate and choline
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waht drugs have been used in pesticidies and chemical warfare
organophosphates
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treatment for acetylcholine receptor agonist otangophosphare
artopine
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muscarinic receptors include what
selective and non-selective
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nicotinic antagonistists break down into what two categories
ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular blockers
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atropine is what type of muscarinic receptor antagonist
and derived from what
and derived from what
non-selective
plants
plants
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atropine increases what by having a blokcing effect on what to what nodes
Increases heartrate and increases AV conduction by blocking effect of the vagus nerve on the SA and AV nodes.
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what drugs (2) are semisynthetic atropine derivatives.
Ipratropium (Atrovent) and tiotropium (Spiriva)
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Ipratropium (Atrovent) and tiotropium (Spiriva) have what affect on the body
Used as bronchodilators.
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Ipatropium used for
rescue therapy for moderate to severe asthma
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Tiotropium used for
once daily for COPD patients, improves lung function for 24 hours.
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Andrenoreceptor drugs
adrenaline, noradrenaline, salbutamol, proparanolol
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Key areas of effect:
• Heart –
• Lungs -
• Blood vessels -
• GI Tract -
• Liver -
• Kidneys -
• Skin -
• Pupil
• Other
• Heart –
• Lungs -
• Blood vessels -
• GI Tract -
• Liver -
• Kidneys -
• Skin -
• Pupil
• Other
Key areas of effect:
• Heart – Chronotropic and Inotropic
• Lungs – Rate, Depth, Dilation of bronchioles,
• Blood vessels – Vasoconstriction and increased BP
• GI Tract – Decreased motility
• Liver – Glucogenesis
• Kidneys – Increased Renin producti
• Heart – Chronotropic and Inotropic
• Lungs – Rate, Depth, Dilation of bronchioles,
• Blood vessels – Vasoconstriction and increased BP
• GI Tract – Decreased motility
• Liver – Glucogenesis
• Kidneys – Increased Renin producti
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adrenoreceptor agonists derived from tyrosine
Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline
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Catechol compound + Amine group +
Catecholamine.
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Adrenoreceptor agonists
often used for what set of emergenacy conditions
often used for what set of emergenacy conditions
shock
– cardiogenic – septic - anaphylaxis
– cardiogenic – septic - anaphylaxis
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Adrenoreceptor antagonists are what group of drugs
-olol drugs - betablockers, selective and non-selective
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blocking of the beta 1 reduces what
cardiac output and blood pressure
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selective beta blockers commonly used to treat
hypertension and angina
bioprolol and atenolol
bioprolol and atenolol
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Blocking of β2 receptors in non-selective drugs can lead to
bronchoconstriction – issues for asthma patients.
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CNS drugs
excitatory
excitatory
serotonin, histamin, atp, co
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CNS drugs
inhibitory
inhibitory
GABA
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CNS drugs
excitatory and inhibitory
excitatory and inhibitory
acetylcholine
adrenaline
dopamine
endorphins
adrenaline
dopamine
endorphins
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
Cognitive processing
Cognitive processing
antipsychotics, CNS stimulants, hallucinogens, sedative hypnotics.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
memory
memory
cholinesterase inhibitors, benzodiazepines.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
emotional processing
emotional processing
– antianxiety drugs, antipsychotics, CNS stimulants, opioids, all drug which produce drug dependence.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
Motor processing
Motor processing
antiparkinsonian drugs, antispasmodics, CNS stimulants, muscle relaxants, sedative hypnotics.
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drugs affecting the CNS neuronal system
Sensory processing
Sensory processing
antidepressants, hallucinogens, local and general anaesthetics, opioid analgesics, sedative hypnotics.
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sedatives are used for treatment of what
acute anxiety, panic disorder, phobic disorders, OCD, PTSD and sleep disorders.
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sedatives have what effect
calming, anxiolytic effect and hypnotic – sleep inducing effect.
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sedative drugs include
benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam), barbiturates (phenobarbital, amobarbitol), antihistamines (hydroxine), non-sedating anxiolytic drugs (propranolol).
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what drugs are benzodiazepines
Diazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam
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what are benzodiazepines used to treat
treat anxiety disorders, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, insomnia and seizure disorders.
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what is the Mechanism of action
facilitating the activity of GABA neurotransmitter.
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GABA has an inhibitory effect but inhibiting the
and GABA ion chaneel complex has receptors sites for
and GABA ion chaneel complex has receptors sites for
inhibits the firing of action potentials
benzodiazepines, barbiturates, general anaesthetics and alcohol.
benzodiazepines, barbiturates, general anaesthetics and alcohol.
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Benzodiazepines cause CNS depression
low dose
high dose
low dose
high dose
Low doses – sedative hypnotic and anxiolytic effects.
High doses – sleepiness and anaesthesia.
High doses – sleepiness and anaesthesia.
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where are Benzodiazepines metabolised
adverse effects usually linked to
adverse effects usually linked to
in the liver
build up of active metabolites in the elderly as phase 1 liver metabolism is reduced
build up of active metabolites in the elderly as phase 1 liver metabolism is reduced
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what do antiepileptic drugs do
(4 ways)
(4 ways)
Inhibition of neuronal discharge or spread.
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1 - cause in increase in GABA ...
this occurs by an increase in permeability to ...
causing a reduction in ...
this occurs by an increase in permeability to ...
causing a reduction in ...
..increase in GABA synaptic transmission
increase permeability to chloride ions
causing a reduction in neuron excitability
increase permeability to chloride ions
causing a reduction in neuron excitability
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what drugs do this
Barbiturates, BDZs, Levetiracetam, Gabapentin, Tiagabine, Vigabatrin, Topiramate, Valproate
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2 - what channel blockers
sodium channel blockers by different mechanisms
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what drugs do this
Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine, Phenytoin, Topiramate, Valproate.
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3 - reduce cell membrane ... to what channels
causing a reduction
drugs that do this
causing a reduction
drugs that do this
Reducing cell membrane permeability to calcium T-channels
reduction in AP generation
Ethosuximide, Valproate
reduction in AP generation
Ethosuximide, Valproate
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4) inhibition of the excitatory neurotransmitter ...
what drug does this
what drug does this
glutamate
lamotrigine
lamotrigine
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P450 Enzymes issues with antiepileptic drugs
carboximides, hydantoins, barbiturates, valproates
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depression is thought to be a result from
abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine neurotransmission
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depression is treated with what category of drugs (3)
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
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tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) block what
block neuronal uptake of neurotransmitters
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TCAs have a huge range of side effects
what is the main side effects
what is the main side effects
drowsiness, postural hypotension, dry mouth
suicidal thoughts in early stages of use
suicidal thoughts in early stages of use
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TCA's have a and a high level of toxicity what are the main overdose symptoms
tachycardia, dilated pupils, drowsiness, seizures, elevated body temp, confusion, hypotension and cardiac arrest
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ecg changes also come from TCA toxicity, what are they
tachycardia, QRS broadening, QT lengthening tall R wave in aVR
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SSRIs work by
selectively block neuronal uptake of seretonin
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what drugs are SSRIS
citalopram, sertaline, fluoxetine and escitalopram
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parkinsons disease is a ... disease and has what complications in the body
multisystem
motor and non-motor complications
motor and non-motor complications
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exact casues of Parkinsons is unknown however thereis a degeneration of ...
this leads to a decrease in activity in the pathways between the
this leads to a decrease in activity in the pathways between the
dopaminergic neurons
thalumus and the motor are of the cortex
thalumus and the motor are of the cortex
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drug therapy aims at increasing the
name of the drug
name of the drug
levels of dopamine in the brain
Levodopa
Levodopa
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what drug is given in combination of levodopa and why?
Cardidopa - reducesthe extracerebral conversion of levodopa to dopamine, but cannot cross the BBB (like levodopa) so doesn't affect the brain
reduces CVS and GI side effects
reduces CVS and GI side effects
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Opioid analgesics act on what
CNS and inhibit neurotrasnmission of pain
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what are the 3 types of opioid receptors
which do clinicallly useful drugs come under
which do clinicallly useful drugs come under
mu, delta and kappa
MU receptor
MU receptor
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they are categorised into 3 categories which are...
and can be derived from 3 different ways
and can be derived from 3 different ways
strong, moderate, weak
from the poppy plant, synthetic or semi-synthetic
from the poppy plant, synthetic or semi-synthetic
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pharmacological effects of opioid analgesics
CNS
CVS
GI
dermal
CNS
CVS
GI
dermal
CNS - analgesia, resp. redpression, sedation, physical dependence
CVS – vasodilation, hypotension.
GI – constipation, nausea, vomiting.
Dermal – flushing, pruritus, urticaria.
CVS – vasodilation, hypotension.
GI – constipation, nausea, vomiting.
Dermal – flushing, pruritus, urticaria.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
where is alpha1 and alpha2 location and action does it have
Back
alpha 1 - vascular smooth muscle, increases contraction of vascular smooth muscle
alpha2 - CNS , decrease sympathetic outflow
alpha2 - CNS , decrease sympathetic outflow
Card 3
Front
where is beta1 and beta2 location and action does it have
Back
Card 4
Front
acetylcholine receptors are in 2 classes which are
Back
Card 5
Front
What drugs that have a direct effect as acetylcholine receptor agonists
Back
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