Physiology of Human Cells Topic 2
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Endocrinology
The study of the structure/function of endocrine glands and their secretions in regulating the physiology of the organism
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Endocrine Glands
Organs or groups of cells which synthesize and secrete hormones and pass them directly into the blood
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Exocrine Glands
Contain ducts, specific delivery to target generally over a short distance
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Hormone
A chemical secreted from an endocrine gland, travels in the blood to its target organ
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Hormone Limitation
Release limited, degradation in blood, terminated when binding to receptors
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Chronic/Constitutive Release
Maintains constant concentration in the blood e.g. thyroid hormones
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Acute/Stimulated Release
Episodic release when required, tightly controlled by stimulus and feedback e.g. insulin
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Cyclic/Pulsatile Release
Shows regular rhythm of production, peaks correspond to physiologically relevant times for hormone action e.g. growth hormone
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Peptide Hormone
Stored as mature form in vesicles, short-acting, cell surface receptor, rapid response
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Steroid Hormone
Stored as pre-cursor, prolonged action, intracellular receptor, slow response
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Amine Hormone
Hormone derived from tyrosine or tryptophan
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Tyrosine
Pre-cursor for catecholamines and thyroid hormones
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Catecholamines
Neurohormones which behave like peptide hormones
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Thyroid Hormones
Behave like steroid hormones with atypical synthesis and storage
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Hypothalamus
Integration centre for endocrine systems
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Pituitary Gland
Bean shaped and sized endocrine gland connected to hypothalamus
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Anterior Pituitary
True endocrine tissue of epithelial origin, connected to hypothalamus via portal system
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Portal System
Two connected capillary beds
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Posterior Pituitary
Neuroendocrine tissue of neural tissue origin, neural connection to hypothalamus, secretes neurohormones
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Neurohormones
Synthesized in magnocellular neurons in hypothalamus as vasopressin or oxytocin, transported to nerve terminal in posterior pituitary for release
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Vasopressin
ADH, regulates water balance, release triggered by increased plasma osmolarity or decreased blood pressure, causes water reabsorption in the kidneys and increases blood pressure in vascular smooth muscle
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Oxytocin
Milk ejection and uterine contraction, triggered by suckling or labour, contracts milk duct smooth muscle or uterine smooth muscle
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Neurohormone Release
Stored in magnocellular neurons, travels to terminals within posterior pituitary to be released into bloodstream
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Trophic Hormones
Hormones controlling release of other hormones
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Atrophy
Lack of hormone input
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Hypertrophy
Too much hormone input
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Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
Inhibitory/releasing hormone released from neuron, travels from capillary bed 1 to capillary bed 2, attaches to receptor on surface of anterior pituitary cell, rapid
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Hypothalamic Hormones
At least 7, bind receptors on surface of anterior pituitary cells to stimulate or inhibit hormone production, all peptides except dopamine
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
6, all peptides, variety of targets
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Acidophil Cells
Somatotrophs, lactotrophs
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Basophil Cells
Thyrotrophs, corticotrophs, gonadotrophs
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Long-Loop Feedback
Feedback from endocrine target
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Short-Loop Feedback
Feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus
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Growth
Continuous process, characterised by spurts and ultimately arrest
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Epiphyseal Plate
Site of bone growth
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Chondrocytes
Divide to add length to bone, produce cartilage and disintegrate
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Osteoblasts
Lay down bone on top of cartilage
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IGF-1
Byproduct of growth hormone, stimulates chondrocyte proliferation
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Insulin-Like Growth Factors
Stimulate cell division
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Insulin
Enhances protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation, maintains energy balance
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Sex Hormones
Co-ordinate pubertal growth spurt and induce epiphyseal plate closure
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Cortisol
Stimulates protein breakdown, inhibits growth hormone in favour of stress response
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Pituitary Dwarfism
Childhood deficiency in growth hormone due to production problem or receptor problem
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Pituitary Gigantism
Childhood excess in growth hormone due to benign tumour in anterior pituitary
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Acromegaly
Excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure, caused by benign anterior pituitary tumour, thickening of bones in hands, feet and heat
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Thyroid Gland
Bi-lobed gland in throat, arranged in follicles, contains follicular cells and clear (C) cells
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Hyperthyroidism
Increased metabolic rate and heat production, Graves' disease
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Hypothyroidism
Decreased metabolic rate and heat production, autoimmune attack of thyroid gland
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Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland
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Adrenal Glands
Triangle glands in fat layer on superior pole of kidney composed of medulla and cortex
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Medulla
Neurohormonal, produces catecholamines (adrenaline), rapid stress response, fight or flight
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Cortex
True endocrine, produces steroid hormones cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, contains 3 sections
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Zona Reticularis
Innermost section of cortex, sex hormones
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Zona Fasciculata
Middle section of cortex, glucocorticoids
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Zona Glomerulosa
Outer section of cortex, aldosterone
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Glucocorticoids
Steroid hormones, cortisol mainly, diurnal rhythm of secretion
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Cortisol
Long-term mediator of stress response, protects against hypoglycemia, stimulates gluconeogenesis, breaks down fat and proteins for energy
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Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone, regulate minerals, steroid intracellular receptors, influence levels of sodium and water reabsorbed by kidney
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Renin Release
Stimulated by decreased blood volume, increased sodium levels, results in angiotensin II production activating biosynthesis of aldosterone
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Hypercortisolism
Cushing's syndrome, too much glucose, plumping of trunk and "moon face"
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Primary Hypercortisolism
Adrenal tumour produces cortisol
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Secondary Hypercortisolism
Pituitary tumour produces trophic hormone stimulating cortisol production
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Latrogenic Hypercortisolism
Physician-caused, occurs following glucocorticoid therapy
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Hypocortisolism
Addison's disease, hypoglycemia, hypotension, risk of dehydration
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Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Loss of adrenal cortical function, profound hypoglycemia
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Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
Pituitary disease, ACTH deficiency
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Organs or groups of cells which synthesize and secrete hormones and pass them directly into the blood
Back
Endocrine Glands
Card 3
Front
Contain ducts, specific delivery to target generally over a short distance
Back
Card 4
Front
A chemical secreted from an endocrine gland, travels in the blood to its target organ
Back
Card 5
Front
Release limited, degradation in blood, terminated when binding to receptors
Back
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