Physiology of Body Systems

Name three animal phyla?

Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata

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What are the two main groups of the animal kingdom?

Non-chordates and chordates

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What are non-chordates?

invertebrates

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Three examples of non-chordates?

segmented worms, molluscs and arthropods

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Five examples of chordates?

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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Six common features of annelida?

long, thin segmented body. Fluid-filled body cavity. Hydrostatic skeleton. A head end with primitive brain and a nervous system running the length of the body. Thin permeable skin, through which gaseous exhange occurs. A closed circulatory system.

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Three species of annelids?

earthworms, leeches and lugworms

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Five features of arthropods?

A body divided into segments. A well-developed brain. Open circulatory system and a cavity which surrounds the body organs. Hard outer exoskeleton. Paired jointed legs.

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Which is the most numerous and successful of all the animal phyla?

Arthropoda

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Name two important evolutionary developments in the arthropoda phylum?

jointed legs and exoskeleton

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What are the benefits of jointed legs?

can perform a variety of functions including: walking, swimming, jumping, feeding and reproduction

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What is an exoskeleton?

a hard encasement of the exterior of an Arthropod, that probides waterproofing, protection and point sof attachment for muscles

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What are the four advantages of an exoskeleton?

Protection, point attachment for muscles, support and (in mosot terrestrial arthropods) can be covered with way which reduces water loss

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What is a disadvantage of the exoskeleton?

it is fixed in size and doesnt grow with the animal, animal has to shed the exoskeleton to grow this leaves it vulnerable

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What are the four classes of Arthropoda?

myriopoda, crustacea, spiders and insects

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4 Examples of Chordata?

frogs, snakes, eagles and humans

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What 2 things do vertebrates possess?

a vertebral column/backbone and a well-developed brain, enclosed in a cranium

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What are the 5 classes of vertabraes?

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

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An example of a homologous structure?

pentadactyl limb

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What does homologus mean?

having a common origin but serve a different function

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What does pentadactyl mean?

having five digits

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What does analogous mean?

having the same function but a different origin

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What does convergent evolution mean?

the tendency of unrelated organisms to acquire similar structures

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When one species gives rise to another, what will change?

the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA

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What is DNA analysis used for?

to confirm evolutionary relationships and reduce mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution

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What does the technique of DNA hybridisation involve?

extraction and comparison of the DNA of two species

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What is the sequence of amino acids and proteins determined by?

DNA

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How can you work out how closely related two species are?

by extracting DNA strands from both species, separating and cutting them into fragments. Then mixing and analysing the fragments

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How can the proteins of different species be compaired?

by using immunological techniques or DNA hybridisation

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What is the principle of immunological techniques?

the fact that antibodies of one species will respond to specific antigens on proteins. When antibodies respond to corresponding antigens and precipitate is formed. The greater degree of percipitation, the closer the evolutionary relationship

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Physiology of Body Systems

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