Plant Biology and Microbiology

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Do healthy plants have positive or negative hydrostatic pressure?
Positive
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What is the equation for Water Potential
y = ys + yp + ym
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When does a cell become a Plasmolysed Cell?
When a plant suffers from water loss, but no too much so the connections between the cell wall and cytoplasm stay intact, and the plant wilts but will rehydrate.
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Water loss is controlled by Stomata, what is the definition for these?
Minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf controlled by guard cells.
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How is water pulled upwards?
By the cohesion of water molecules and the tension caused by transpiration
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how do you repair the column of water (in the cohesion tension theory) once broken?
Root cells release ions into the xylem increasing the solute concentration inside, therefore water flows in via osmosis down its concentration gradient.
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What order does 'secret swimming sex' reproduction occur?
Sporophyte - Meiosis - Spores - -Germination -Gametophyte - Sperm/Ova - Fertilisation - Sporophyte
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Do Pteridophyta (Ferns) have dominant sporophytes of gametophytes?
Sporophytes
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What does homosporous mean? (Ferns)
They only have one type of spore
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What is the order of the lifecycle for 'Ovules, Seeds and Pollen'
Sporophyte - meiosis - spores - germination - gametophyte - mitosis - sperm/ovum - fertilisation - sporophyte
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What type of spores to Cycadophyte (Cycads) produce
Megaspores (female gametophytes)
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What are flowering plants also known as?
The Magnoliopha
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What is a Autotroph?
An organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances
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What is a Photoautotroph?
An organism that makes its own food by energy from light
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What occurs in Photosystem II?
Light hits chloroplast, absorbed by P680, excites electron, water splits into H+ and E- and Oxygen via photolysis
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What occurs in Photosystem I?
Light absorbed by P700, further exciting the electron, reducing NADP to NADPH, the E transported down the ETC
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How is the energy from E moving down ETC used to synthesise ATP
Protons transported to thylakoid membrane, making conc higher here than in the stroma which causes an electrochemical gradient, and protons move down their concentration via ATP synthase.
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What is the nucleotide base in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Adenine
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What causes the synthesis of ABA? and what are their target cells?
roots sensing water deficiency and guard cells
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Why does light get filtered out in leaves at the top of a canopy?
To stop the amount of light penetrating from being overwhelming
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Why do leaves at the bottom of a canopy have lens shaped epidermis?
To increase the amount of light penetrating the spongey mesophyll
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What is the enzyme rubisco used for in the Calvin cycle?
To bind CO2 with RuBP
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How many NADP molecules are reduced in the Calvin cycle?
2
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How many ADP molecules does it take to regenerate RuBP?
1
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What are Auxins?
Hormones that speed up or slow down plant growth in the growing regions
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What occurs with IAA in the shoots of a plant?
Concentration increases on the shaded side causing shoots to bend towards the light
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What does IAA do in the roots of plants?
It increases on the shaded side which inhibits growth so the roots bend away from the light
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Tropisms are a response to a ...
Directional Stimulus
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What do Cytokinins do?
Promote cell division, cell growth and cytokinesis
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What does senescence mean?
The ageing of plants and their loss of ability to divide
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What is plant callus?
Cells that cover a plant wound
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What is Meristematic tissue?
Living tissues containing undifferentiated cells that are the building blocks of specialised plants
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What bacteria causes crown Gail disease?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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How do plants conserve water?
using a waxy cuticle and control of guard cells
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An endogenous antitranspirant synthesises in a plant when water availability is low
Abscisic Acid
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What does ethylene encourage in plants?
flower senescence and ripening of fruits
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Rapid production of reactive oxygen species causing programmed cell death at the site of infection is known as?
the hypersensitive response
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Reactive oxygen species trigger the response of;
Lignin and Callose
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What are PAMPs?
Substances on pathogen cell walls that lead to the breakdown of chitin
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What acid is produced in an induced response to fungi/bacteria/viruses?
Salicylic acid
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Which acid is produced during an induced response to insect herbivores?
Jasmonic Acid
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What does compartmentalisation stand for?
Packaging of polymers into protobiont droplets
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What year was the Miller Urey Experiment
1953
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Why is RNA seen as the origin of self replicating molecules
Because it has the ability to act as genes and enzymes
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Which bacteria is the only photosynthetic prokaryote
Cyanobacteria
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What are methanogens
Microorganisms that produce methane in low oxygen conditions
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What is the difference between thermopiles and halophiles
thermophiles are adapted to high temps whereas halophiles are adapted to saline conditions
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What are the types of autotrophs?
Photoautotrophs which use light energy and chemoautotrophs which use inorganic compounds
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What 'trophs' use organic CO2 as their energy source?
Heterotrophs
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What is the Endomembrane system?
Most of the membraned organelles in an cell
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Do the inner foldings of the prokaryotic membranes stay attached to the cell membrane in the mitochondrial hypothesis?
No
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What enters the prokaryote and doesn't get digested in the mitochondrial hypothesis?
Aerobic Proteobacterium
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What is the word for an organelle assisting a cell?
An endosymbiont
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What are the steps in the snowball earth hypothesis?
1) Growing polar caps and increased volcanic outgassing. 2) Frozen oceans stop CO2 cycle and no biomass to take in CO2 being produced 3) leads to strong GHG affect which in turn melts oceans restarting CO2 cycle
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In what era did the most major animal phyla appear in the fossil record?
Cambrian
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What are the types of modern bony fish?
Lobe-finned fish, Ray finned fish and the Early amphibians
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What colour does gram positive bacteria go when gram staining?
Purple
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What do you add to solution in a catalase test?
Hydrogen Peroxide
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What pipette should you use in an oxidase test?
A Pasteur Pipette
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What stain should you use in a spore stain test?
Malachite Green
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What medium only allows certain types of organisms to grow?
Selective
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What makes up Eubacteria cell wall
Peptidogylcans and Muramic Acid
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What are fungi cell walls made of?
chitin
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What are the 6 major fungi groups
Basidomycota, Ascomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, Mycrosporidia
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what s seperates two chromosomes
Septum
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In what phase are microbial cells inoculated?
lag phase
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Why would cells enter the death phase?
Nutrient deprivation
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what are the benefits of normal flora?
Inhibits pathogens due to competition
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What is the role of microbiota?
colonisation inhibition, host nutrition and detoxification
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what is the inter-microbial relationship where one symbiont benefits and one suffers?
Controlled paritism
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What type of immunisation initiates the recipients own defence system
Active immunisation
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Which is not routine vaccine in the UK ?
tuberculosis
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What phase are primary metabolites seen in?
Growth phase
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'The search for plant and animal species which medicinal drugs can be obtained from' is what
Bioprospecting
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the equation for Water Potential

Back

y = ys + yp + ym

Card 3

Front

When does a cell become a Plasmolysed Cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Water loss is controlled by Stomata, what is the definition for these?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is water pulled upwards?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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