Psychodynamic Perspective

Personality.

'Pattern of individual characteristics which are permanent and which combine to make each person unique'. Affects the behaviour of the person. Inherited factors are nature and Learned factors are nurture.

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Freud- Psychoanalytical Perspective.

Work has had a profound and long lasting effect on society. All part of the common sense understanding of the world. Freud said that personality was fixed by biology (inherited instincts/drives). We are constantly striving for gratification/release.

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Psychodynamic Energy.

Behaviour/personality is energised by 'psychodynamic energy'. Libido (psychic energy)= sexual drives and aggressive drives.

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Libido- EROS

Survival instinct- sexual/sensual drives. Directs life sustaining activities such as eating, drinking, warmth, love and sex.

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Libido- THANATOS

Death instinct- aggressive drives. Potentially, destructive forces, aggression, arson, murder and envy.

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Id/ Conscious (Present from birth- death).

Lies in the unconscious segment of the mind. At birth just a bundle of id pulses or unconsious instincts. Governed by pleasure principle. Personality before learning exerts influence. Transfers energy to allow the ego to develop.

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Ego/ Pre-conscious (Ages 2-5).

Lies in the conscious segment of the mind. Utilises perception, thinking, memory, logical and rational thought. Considers consequences rather than the act (amoral). Governed by the reality principle. Transfers energy to develop the superego.

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Superego/ Unconscious (Ages 5-6)

Becomes moral arbitrator (judge and police). Strives for perfection rather than pleasure- governed by the morality principle. Keeps check of the Id but doesnt have direct contact, restrains the ego by reminding of the moral code.

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Unconcious conflict.

Id- instincts. Ego- reality. Superego- morality. E.g. Id- 'I want this now'> Ego- 'Let's figure this out a way to work together' < Superego- 'Good people don't think about those things'.

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5 Psychosexual Stages.

Expression of labido is focused on a specific part of the body when maturation occurs. CHild resloves conflicts- balance between frustrationa nd gratification. Not enough or too much= Fixation (energy becomes attached to that stage).

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Oral Stage (Birth- 1 year).

Focuses on the mouth. Gains pleasure (release libido) sucking, mouthing, swallowing, putting things in their mouths, biting etc.

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Anal Stage (1-3 years).

Focuses on the anal area. Gains pleasure from control of sphincter muscles (lower bowel and bladder). Includes toilet humour.

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Phallic Stage (3-5 years).

Focuses on gentials. Become aware of anatomical sex differences. Becomes attached to the opposite sex parent.

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Latency Stage (6-12 years).

Lasts until puberty. Boys and girls ignore each other. Libido diffused throughout the body- intellectual and social abilities develop. Puberty marks the beginning of Genital Stage.

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Gential Stage (Puberty-onwards).

Preoccupied with genitals. If the stages are successful- able to form relationships. Earlier fixation may hinder sexual relationships but its healthy to fixate in the Genital Stage.

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Oedipus Complex (Boys)

Torn between feelings for mother and castration by father. Uses unconcious defence mechanisms to identify with aggressor 'can't beat them join them'. Becomes like father (morals, values, behaviours).

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Electra Complex (Girls)

Girls fear being castrated by mother. Move attachment between mother and father.. Fear a loss of love from mother (analytical identification).

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Explanation for behaviour.

Behaviour is the result of unconcious conflict between the three segments of the mind- Id, Ego, Superego.. Early influecnes have a lasting influence on the development and therefore the behaviour.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

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