Everyone has an equal chance of getting chosen. Names put into a hat and pulled out
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Opportunity Sampling
Participants that are at the place of experiment at time of investigation are chosen
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Stratified Sampling
Proportional representation, broken down into sub groups. For example gender or age and take a random sample for each group
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Volunteer Sampling
Participants put themselves forward after seeing an advert about the experiment
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2 Weaknesses of opportunity
Not every member of the target popular may be available at the time. If the experiment was replicated it would be with different people
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2 Strenghts of Opportunity
It is convenient at the time. It is the easiest and quickest way.
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2 weaknesses of volunteer
There will not be and equal amount of participants form each target population. You will only get one type of person signing up (e.g. eager to join in)
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2 strengths of volunteer
Participants would be motivated. Most ethical form of sampling method.
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2 weaknesses of random
It can be time consuming. Too many people from specific subgroups may be selected.
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2 strengths of random
Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen. There is no bias as there is no control over who is chosen.
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2 weaknesses of stratified
Time consuming as the subcategories need to be identified. People can still refuse to take part.
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2 strengths of stratified
Useful if a small subgroup of the target population may have been missed in random sampling. Ensures that the sample is completely representative of the target population.
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Field experiment
Takes place in a natural environment. IV manipulated and measures DV.
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2 weaknesses of field experiments
More extraneous variables. Ethical issues.
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2 strengths of field experiments
Less demand characteristics. Have higher realism.
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Give example of experimental null hypotheses
There will be no difference IV depending on the DV
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Give example of experimental alternative hypotheses
There will be a difference in IV spending on DV
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Correlation null hypotheses
There will be no correlation between the IV and the DV
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Correlation alternative hypotheses
There will be a correlation between the IV and the DV
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Natural experiments
In a real life environment. The IV is not manipulated. It occurs naturally. Normally past events
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Strength of a natural experiment
More ethical as it is a past event and researchers have no say in the experiment
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Weakness of a natural experiment
Extraneous variables are difficult to control
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Case study
In depth investigation of an individual or a small group. Suitable for unique situations
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Strength of a case study
Case study is more ethical
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Weakness of a case study
They lack external validity
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Directional hypotheses
Alcohol has a negative effect on reaction time
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Non directional
Alcohol affects reaction time
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Strengths of correlations
Can be repeated. Useful when studying relationships between variables.
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Weaknesses of correlations
Cause and effect can not be established. A third variable could have affected results
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Participants that are at the place of experiment at time of investigation are chosen
Back
Opportunity Sampling
Card 3
Front
Proportional representation, broken down into sub groups. For example gender or age and take a random sample for each group
Back
Card 4
Front
Participants put themselves forward after seeing an advert about the experiment
Back
Card 5
Front
Not every member of the target popular may be available at the time. If the experiment was replicated it would be with different people
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