Psychology Schizophrenia

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J.J Griffiths et al. 1968
too muchdopamine causes sz. Induced psychosis via dextro-amphetamine, increases levels of dopamine, onset paranoid delusions, cold, detatched.
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Seeman & Lee 1975
D1-D5 receptor sites, cerebral cortex, subcortically in limbic system - D2 molecules bind most to antipsychotics.
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Davis et al. 1991
Hypofunction in D1, frontal lobe of those w. cognitive impairments, common.
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Gottesman 1991
mz twins concordance 48%, dz 17%, 1% worldwide pop.
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Tienari 1991
10.3% chance adopted child sz mother, 1.1% adopted child no sz mother.
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Torrey 1992
twin studies small, inadequate,biased, mz 27% concordance, dz 6% shared environments.
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Crow et al. 1972
amphetamines - diet & drug use, causes psychosis similar to paranoid sz.
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Emil Kraeplin
1 of first to see sz as brain disease.
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Weinburger et al. 1975
Enlarged ventricles - 58 ppts chronic sz vs control. CATs ventricle larger in sz, 40% outside control. 53% w. chronic sz exceeded 2 SDs control mean.
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Andreason 1988
MRIs sz ventricles 20-50% larger than controls.
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Luchins et al. 1979
Reverse cerebral asymmetry -80 rh sz, 57 non-rh non szs. CATs, increase freq. reversals frontal & occipital lobes of sz no other atrophy. sz w. atrophy no higher levels than controls.
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Robert McCarley et al. 1999
enlarged ventricles most reliable - brain scans, scientific.
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Flashmann & Green 2004
link between cortical atrophy & sz confirmed.
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Lyon et al. 1981
antipsychotic doses increased symptoms in sample, tissue density decreased.
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Mathalon et al. 2003
sz abnormalities combo of neurodevelopmental & neurodegenerative. impairments - susceptible to decrease.
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Disanto et al. 2012
60,000 English sz ppts - bipolar, sz, depression. sz stat more likely to be diagnosed in ppts born Jan vs July- flu exposure, vit D deficiency.
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Vita et al. 1988
124 ppts w. sz, 45 control, CATs, 33% ppts w. sz mod to severe atrophy, no relations w. atrophy& individual differences - age, family, history. atrophy related to sex, ventricular enlargement.
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McCarley et al.
age, sex, severity of symptoms. powerful influence on prevalence of abnormalities. only evident in some or need to acknowledge subtle differences during assessment.
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Roy et al. 1998
bipolar & schizoaffective - enlarged ventricles. Overlapping symptoms may be due to similar causation or classification. Reviewal required. Diagnosis reliant on scans – structural & functional abnormalities not resultant behaviour. Neurodegenerative
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Fromm-Reichmann 1948
Family systems - high EE tension,secrets, alliances, vague, poor communication.
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Fromm-Reichmann 1948
Schizophregenic mother -mothers of sz’s overprotective, controlling sz’s distant, reject overprotection which stifles emotional development, distance themselves deprived of personal security, vulnerable to stress.
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arry Slack Sullivan 1962
sz anxiety not id impulses, damaging mother – child relationship. Early childhood – anxious, hostile, fear intimacy – fantasy world. Withdraw, less bonds, increased anxiety.
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Laing 1967
sz’s lose contact w. reality, coping method to social pressure. Wrong to encourage conformity.
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Cooper
afro-Caribbean UK pop vulnerable to sz.
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Brown et al. 1966
hospital release, 9 month follow up, low EE 10% relapse, 58% high EE.
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Vaughn & Leff
high EE – high relapse rates, recovering patients 51% relapse high EE, 13% low EE.
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John Rosen 1947
psychoanalysis researcher argues effective treatment.
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Jacob Kasanin et al. 1934
hospital records – maternal overprotection in 33/45 cases. 1/3 no overprotetive mother.
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Leonard Heston 1966
sz diagnosis sz 47 adoptees, 10.6% mothers diagnosed, 0% no sz mother diagnosed.
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Strupp et al. 1977
psychoanalytical therapies – delirious, harmful effects.
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Freud
individuals w. sz not suitable for psychoanalysis. Sz lacked insight on psychoanalysis.
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Claiborn 2009
non-szs experience 2.5-4% normal pop expeirence hallucinations.
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Morrison 1998
sleep dep trigger – maladaptive voices. Inappropriately appraise, elicits behaviour e.g. social withdrawal, self-harm. Shame/sadness, reinforces voices.
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Frith 1992
misattriute voices to outside world.
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Frith 1979
attention defecit theory – issues with attention, focus inability, disordered thoughts cause hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech. Issues with memory recall.
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Bentall 1994
sz attentional bias to stimuli of threatening/emotional nature.
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Frith 1992
Compromised TOM - some cog impairments – faulty TOM. Sz's no clear grasp on own mind, misunderstand thoughts.
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Frith
TOM issues disconnection in frontal areas, action in more posterior areas – perception controlled.
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Beck & Frith
cog models support – scientific.
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Barch et al. 1999
Stroop test performance – szs slower, more mistakes, evidence filters impaired. Attentional filters defective.
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Howers & Murray 2014
integrated model – genes of certain factors in early life w. social stressor.
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Frith
causal link – sz defecits, faulty operation - disconnection of functions in frontal cortex, posterior areas.
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Bateson 1956
families – destructive communication, ambiguous language.
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R. D. Laing
sz's reasonable respond to insane world.
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Bateson
double bind – delusions, hallucinations, escape conflict caused by contradictions.
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Berger 1965
sz interviews higher recall of double bind statements – outdated.
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Mischler & Waxler 1968
sz daughters aloof, unresponsive to mothers. Mother adopted communication to better understand.
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Kavanagh 1992
high EE 4x more likely to relapse.
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Brown – Medical Research Council Social Psychiatry London 1956.
Antipsychotic chlorpromazine used to stabilise in hospital, ppts released 1959, 156 men discharged – parents, wives, more relapse – wives/parents vs siblings/lodgers. Interviews – wives/parents - social desirability bias – hostility, unmanageable
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Cutting et al. 2006
sz patient understands criticisms.
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Ringuette & Kennedy 1966
supposed double bind experts vs. Non, letters – szs family/hospital staff. Experts no better at identification, lose credibility, paper lacks paralanguage.
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Schuman 1967
confusion – definition, little theoretical support. Best evidence conflicted, can’t develop.
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McCreadie & Phillips 1998
failure find 6&12 month relapse rates high EE. Multiple factors influence relapse. Szs may not realise living in high EE homes.
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Cantor-Graee.
Social defeat hypothesis – people reject society, education, vocationalism – distressing – causes changes in brain – full psychosis, humans not designed to be isolate .
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Dr Hare 1956
social isolation seen in proportion of single households in geographic areas associated w. sz.
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2000 Dr Van Os et al.
single people, increased risk of psychosis if neighbourhood few single people.
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Jablensky & Cole 1997
marriage form of protection against sz.
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Pederson et al. 2006
raised in urban areas increases chance, born in urban does not.
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Os et al. 2010
0.5% higher risk for those born & raised in urban areas.
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Krabbendam & Os 2005
greater socioeconomic adversity inc. Environmental pollution, overcrowding, drug abuse, toxin exposure to infectious agents may cause.
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Sartorious et al. 1986
rates of sz even across cultures. if urbanicity is cause rates should be higher in West.
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Jean Delay, Pierre Deniker 1952
antipsychotic article 1952.
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Seeman 2002
‘fast-off’ theory, bind looser to D2. Blockade therapeutic, doesn’t last long enough to produce side effects in conventional antipsychotics e.g. tardive dyskinisea.
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Cole et al. 1964
1 of earliest major studies of conventional antipsychotic effectiveness. Psychiatry could treat mental disorders same as physical disorders. 75% given conventional ‘much improved’ vs. 25% placebo. None given antipsychotics got worse vs 48% given plac
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Ravanic et al. 2009
compared clozapine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol 325 szs over 5 years, significant differences psychometric scores measuring symptoms, clozapine most effective, fewer adverse effects avg. 0.9per person, haloperidol 2.7, chlorpromazine 3.2.
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Rettenbacher et al. 2004
full compliance only 54.2%. Partial compliance 8.3% non compliance 37.5%. Real world antipsychotics not as effective as seem to be in closely controlled clinical studies.
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Psychiatrist Thomas Szaz 1960
physical treatments for mental disorders insufficient. Concept of mental illness way of excluding non-conformists.
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Tiihonen et al. 2006
37x increase patients who stopped meds – violence.
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NCISH 2015
346 homicides committed. England – history of sz 2003-13. 6% total rate. Repeated 29% individuals non-adherent w. drug treatment month before. Risk factor – lack of compliance.
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Ellis
ABC model explains irrational thinking. Activating event – Belief rational or not, Consequence healthy/unhealthy emotions. Extended – Disputing belief, Effect if belief becomes rational. Disputing may be logical e.g. does thinking pattern make
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Smith et al. 2003
engagement strategies – prelim sessions – lengthy convos on worries & symptoms of particular concern.
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Card 2

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D1-D5 receptor sites, cerebral cortex, subcortically in limbic system - D2 molecules bind most to antipsychotics.

Back

Seeman & Lee 1975

Card 3

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Hypofunction in D1, frontal lobe of those w. cognitive impairments, common.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

mz twins concordance 48%, dz 17%, 1% worldwide pop.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

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10.3% chance adopted child sz mother, 1.1% adopted child no sz mother.

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Preview of the back of card 5
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