regulation of the fluid compartments and lymphatic system

there are two major fluid compartments:

intracellular and extracellular

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intracellular

28L

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extracellular

14L

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plasma

3L

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interstitial

11L

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Total

42L

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how are the volumes in these three compartments maintained?

osmosis
(colloid osmotic pressure- absorption and hydrostatic pressure- filtration)

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failure to regulate fluid compartments leads to

oedema

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osmosis

net diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water conc to one that has a lower water conc (from a low particle conc to a high particle conc)

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the total number of particles in a solution is measured in terms of

osmoles

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1 osmole (Osm)=

1 mole of solute particles in 1L

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Osmolarity is independent of what?

Mw

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cellular membranes

- permeable to water
- impermeable to ions
- osmosis determines the distribution of water (ie size of intracellular/ extracellular compartments)

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osmotic pressure

pressure required to prevent osmosis (directly proportional to the conc of osmotically active particles in the solution)

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hypotonic

cell swells

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hypertonic

cell shrivels

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capillary membrane

semi-permeable
permits diffusion of ions, water, oxygen, nutrients and waste
NOT PROTEINS

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protein plasma conc

1.2mOsm

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interstitium protein conc

0.2mOsm

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colloid osmotic pressure

pressure exerted by the higher levels of protein in the plasma compared with the interstitial fluid
draws water back into plasma by osmosis (absorption)
28mmHg (plasma) - 33mmHg (interstitium)= 25mmHg

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hydrostatic pressure

the force exerted by the blood upon the capillary walls (ie blood pressure)
drives blood from plasma into interstitial space)
pressure drops as the blood moves through the capillaries (35 mmHg to 15 mmHg)

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overall movement across capillary membrane is determined by

NFP (net filtration pressure)

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NFP varies between

arterial and venous ends of the capillaries

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arterial end

hydrostatic pressure dominates

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venous end

colloid osmotic pressure dominates

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'bulk flow' of fluid from the plasma

around 8L/ day
90% return

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the lymphatic system

-draining fluid from the tissues and returning it to the CV system
- maintanence of the immune response

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lymphatic system- draining

- fluid (plasma) passes from blood into the interstitial area (surrounds cells in tissues)
- collects fats from intestines/ liver and deposits vein)
- lymph vessels contain valves and fluid is forced along by action of muscles and breathing to veins
- e

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lymphatic system- immunity

- lymph fluid contains white immune blood cells
- collects antigens
- antigens recognised by B- lymphocytes in lymph nodes leading to activation of immunity
- B-cells proliferate to produce antibodies. Lymph nodes also contain multiple other immune cells

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inc capillary pressure (both ends)

heart failure
excessive kidney retention of water
inc arteriolar resistance
high venous pressure

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dec in colloid osmotic pressure

reduction in plasma proteins
loss of proteins in urine (kidney failure)
loss of proteins in denuded skin areas (burns)
malnutrition

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blockage of lymph nodes

cancer
infection
surgeries

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intracellular oedema (friction blister of the skin)

depression of the metabolic systems of the tissues and lack of adequate nutrition to the cells, eg ischaemia: reduced activity of the Na^+ pump leads to accumulation of sodium ions in the cells, causing osmosis of water into the cell

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regulation of the fluid compartments and lymphatic system

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