Religion, humanism, arts and learning

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  • Created by: Gray_1234
  • Created on: 18-04-24 12:04
What was the most important thing that the Church was used for for ordinary people?
It provided them with their own religious experience
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How many parish churches were there?
8000
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What were guilds and confraternities and what were they used for?
Voluntary associations of individuals crated to promote works of Christian charity or devotion, and they offered charity, good fellowship and the chance for ordinary people to contribute to their local community
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How did the Church help social and political elites?
It helped them to maintain social control through encouragement of good behaviour, obedience and stress on the values of community
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What was the highest position in the Catholic church?
The Pope
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What did Henry seek from the Pope, through Thomas Morton, in order to marry Elizabeth of York?
A Papal Dispensation
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What word can be used to describe the relationship between the Pope and the Church in England?
Erastian
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What two provinces was the Church in England under?
Canterbury and York, both of which were controlled by an Archbishop and had seventeen dioceses each controlled by a bishop
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Which two dioceses were the wealthiest?
Winchester and Durham
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Where were most of the senior members of the Church taken from?
The aristocracy
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Which two churchmen had the most power during Henry VII's reign?
John Morton and Richard Fox
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What skills were important to have as senior clergymen?
They had to be highly competent, conscientious professionals and had to have legal training, with the ability to serve their duties to both the Church and the State. They often had to have good administrative skills
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What did the abbots have a membership too?
The House of Lords
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What did a medieval community do together?
Prayed together, and upheld the same frameworks for controlling individual thought, reasoning and behaviour
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What did a Christian church offer?
Grace, in order to reach Heaven and avoid purgatory
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How many sacraments are there that need to be followed to reach Heaven?
7
Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Anointing of the Sick, Penance, Holy Orders, Eucharist
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During Eucharist what would a Catholic be given to eat?
Bread and wine
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What was the belief around this practice?
At the point of consecration, the bread and wine were transformed both figuratively and literally into the body and blood of Christ, a process known as transubstantiation
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What were the two most important reasons for Mass?
-It was a sacrifice performed by the priest on behalf of the community
-It was a scared ritual in which the whole community participated
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What is Corpus Christi?
A feast of the Catholic Church which celebrates the "blessed sacrament" and whose importance developed from the thirteenth century, with the increasing emphasis on transubstantiation
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Why would the dying leave money to their parish church?
To enhance the beauty of worship, to ensure remembrance of the benefactor and to reduce the time the benefactor spent in purgatory
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What would benefactors hope that their money would be used for?
To help build new chantries
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What are chantries?
Chapels where Masses for the souls of the dead took place
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Who were the cofraternity?
Groups of men, who gathered together to provide collectively for the funeral costs of members, to pay chaplains for Masses for their members, to help maintain church fabric, to make charitable donations and to socialise
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What did wealthier guilds provide?
Local patronage and power, with some running schools and almshouses, maintaining bridges, highways, sea walls or even expensive projects
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How else did parish churches raise money?
Church-ale festivals, which involved drinking and entertainment
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What is a pilgrimage?
A journey to a place of religious devotion
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Where did most English Catholics go on pilgrimage?
The tombs of saints, Thomas Becket in Canterbury, or to places of reported visitation of the Virgin Mary, such as Walsingham in Norfolk
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When did the more simpler forms of pilgrimage take place?
On Rogation Sunday
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What did "beat the bounds" of a parish church mean?
Walking around the parish boundaries to pray for it's protection, carrying banners and the parish cross to ward off evil spirits
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How else was personal religious experiences represented?
It was emphasised in the writings of Mystics, who believed in the personal communication of the individual with God
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Who is one of the most famous examples of a Mystic?
Henry VII's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, whose piety was reflected in her widespread donations, especially to Cambridge University
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What percentage of adult males in England were monks by 1500, and where did they live?
Around one percent of the adult male population, and they lived in the 900 religious communities in the country
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What was the most famous religious order?
The Benedictines, named after St Benedict, who founded their order. The houses were huge and many like: Durham, operated as cathedral churches of their dioceses
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What were other examples of famous monastic orders?
The Cistercians and Carthusians, who were formed due to a lack of zeal around Benedictine. These monks, however, lived in the Yorkshire houses of Fountains and Mount Grace
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Where did monks usually come from?
The wealthier parts of society and many monasteries recruited from their own localities
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How were friars who worked amongst lay people funded?
Through charitable donations
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What were the three main orders of friars?
The Dominicans (black friars), a preaching order; the Franciscans (grey friars), and the Augustinians
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Where did the friars recruit from?
Lower down the social scale, but it is argued that the practice of friars was dying out by the late fifteenth century, but many still received substantial bequests from the wills of the faithful
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Who were recruited by nunneries?
Women deemed to be unsuitable for marriage
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Who founded Lollardy?
John Wycliffe in the second half of the fourteenth century
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What were the main beliefs of Lollards?
Placed stress on understanding the Bible, so wanted English translations, they were skeptical about transubstantiation and the Eucharist. They believed that the Catholic Church was corrupt
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What were the Lollards beliefs described as?
Heresy
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Where did these beliefs remain strong?
Buckinghamshire and Newbury in Berkshire, but after their failed uprising in 1414, their popularity declined
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What law was introduced into England in 1401?
A law that allowed heretics to be executed by burning
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What is Humanism?
It was a movement to change attitudes towards religion, to try and find a logical explanation for teachings in the Bible, rather than just relying on the spiritual explanations
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Who were the most significant, early Humanist scholars?
William Grocyn and Thomas Linacre
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How did they bring their ideas to England?
Grocyn began teaching the ideas of Plato and Aristotle at Oxford. Linacre, influence by the scientific thinking he acquired in Italy, took a medical degree at the University of Padua
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Who was John Colet?
An influential humanist scholar whose ideas focused on reforming the church
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Who was Desiderius Erasmus and what was his significance?
He was a Dutch scholar who arrived in England in 1499. He, in his own ideas, epitomised the spirit of new learning and his friendship with Thomas More helped to elevate his ideas
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What types of schools were newly introduced?
"Song schools" and "reading schools", which provided elementary education for the young, whereas secondary education took place in grammar schools
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How many new grammar schools were established between 1460 and 1509?
53
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What factors effected whether an individual would get a good education?
How wealthy they were and/or where they happened to live
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What was central to grammar school teaching?
The study of Latin, with many schools teaching the traditional way, but in the 1490's, there was an increase in the humanist way of teaching, particularly at: Magdalen College School in Oxford
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What schools did people rely on for university education?
Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford his substantial expansion in the first half of the fifteenth century, this ground to a halt. Cambridge had several new colleges
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What college was Lady Margaret Beaufort credited with helping to establish?
Christ's College and St John's College
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What was the most important popular art form of the time?
Drama, with plays being presented in association with church-ale festivals, for example: Bishop's Stortford in Hertfordshire in 1490
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What were the most famous dramas?
Mystery plays performed at the feasts of Corpus Christi in the guilds of towns and cities such as, York, Lincoln, Wakefield and Coventry
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What type of music was enjoyed at this time?
Local bagpipe and wind groups, that entertained crowds on Saint's days, through to the great choral pieces sung in the country's cathedrals
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What is the most important surviving source of this music?
The Eton Choirbook, compiled in 1505, has a collection of 93 separate musical compositions
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Who were the two most important composers listed in the document?
Thomas Browne who was employed in the house of the Earl of Oxford and Robert Fayrfax, who was benefited regularly from the patronage of Lady Margaret Beaufort and the king
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When and where was music played for the wealthy?
From the Minstrel's gallery to accompany a meal, using instruments such as: trumpets, shawms, and sackbuts. Stringed instruments, recorders and lutes were also used
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What style of infrastructure gain significant notoriety at this time?
Gothic perpendicular style
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What famous places of worship utilised this style?
Saint Mary Redcliffe in Bristol and major wool churches of East Anglia, such as Lavenham and Long Melford
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In 1502 what did Henry VII give the go ahead for?
The construction of the Lady Chapel at Westminister Abbey, to be completed in the Gothic Perpendicular style
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What did William Caxton created in 1478 and how did it help England?
The Printing Press, which helped print works such as Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and other medieval works, including chivalric romances and adaptations of Saints' lives
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How many parish churches were there?

Back

8000

Card 3

Front

What were guilds and confraternities and what were they used for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How did the Church help social and political elites?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the highest position in the Catholic church?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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