aI is concerted into what by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), principally in the lung.
angiotensin II (AII),
2 of 40
what release initiates and is rate-limiting in the RAAS
renin
3 of 40
AI is converted to
angiotensin II (AII) by ACE (mostly in lung)
4 of 40
circulating AI enters the pulmonary circulation and emerges as what
circulating AII
5 of 40
what acts to to inhibit renin release, as a negative feedback loop
AII
6 of 40
ACE has another well known enzymatic function in breaking down which vasodilator and pro-inflammatory mediator peptide
bradykinin
7 of 40
Angiotensinases are capable of metabolising AII to breakdown products of what biological activity
progressively lower
8 of 40
Two key actions of AII are the release of
aldosterone and ADH
9 of 40
AII is degraded by angiotensinases to what
AIII + AIV (diminishing biological activity)
10 of 40
AII also has direct renal effects to enhance sodium reabsorption from renal tubule and elicit constriction of intrarenal arterioles, AII acts on what receptors
AT1-receptors
11 of 40
ADH is aka as
vasopressin
12 of 40
ADH or vasopressin promotes what
reabsorption of water from collecting duct
13 of 40
an essential regulator of water reabsorption from the collecting duct through acting on what receptors
renal ADH V2-receptors
14 of 40
absence of ADH or loss of ADH signalling function leads to what
diabetes insipidus
15 of 40
ADH enhances sodium+urea reabsorption, what does
this help maintain?
hyperosmolarity of medulla
16 of 40
ADH V1-receptors
peripheral vasoconstriction
17 of 40
Release is regulated/affected by what factors (3)
blood osmolality
blood pressure
RAAS activity
18 of 40
Name 2 drugs that can affect ADH release
nicotine and alcohol
19 of 40
Which hormone enhances sodium reabsorption from the late distal tubule and collecting duct, which is an activity hitched to potassium excretion
Aldosterone
20 of 40
What receptors activated by aldosterone in tubular principal cells
Renal mineralocorticoid (type 1)
21 of 40
Renal mineralocorticoid (type 1) stimulate what
basolateral Na/K-ATPase activity and insertion of luminal sodium channels.
22 of 40
what does aldosterone promote the excretion of?
of hydrogen ions (i.e. acidity) into the filtrate
23 of 40
effect to excrete hydrogen ions (i.e. acidity) into the filtrate; depends on the stimulation of what
luminal H-ATPase (or proton pump) activity in late distal tubular intercalated cells.
24 of 40
major regulator in aldosterone Release, choose 2
RAAS activity and AII
25 of 40
given aldosterone’s major role in potassium excretion, what is also an important potential trigger
hyperkalaemia
26 of 40
aldosterone levels will also be raised in what syndrome
Conn’s syndrome
27 of 40
expected therapeutic results of RAAS inhibition will involve what (2)
diuresis and natriuresis
28 of 40
water and sodium loss, or diuresis and natriuresis; and this is very valuable in the management of which conditions (3)
chronic heart failure, primary hypertension and myocardial infarction
29 of 40
diuresis and natriuresis can be achieved by what (3)
enzyme inhibitors, receptor antagonists, ion channel blockers
30 of 40
name 1 enzyme inhibitor
ACE inhibitors like ramipril
31 of 40
bradykinin levels are expected to what uniquely with the use of ACE inhibitors
rise
32 of 40
Inhibition at the head of the pathway is achieved with the renin inhibitor, name 1 renin inhibitor
aliskiren
33 of 40
the most important AII receptor from a clinical perspective, the AT1-receptor, can be blocked using receptor antagonists (or “sartans”) like?
candesartan
34 of 40
while ADH’s V2-receptor-mediated renal effects can be blocked with “vaptans” such as
tolvaptan
35 of 40
Aldosterone’s tubular actions can also be targeted by using luminal sodium ion channel blockers, like name 2
amiloride and triamterene
36 of 40
side effects or adverse events associated with ACE inhibitors include
persistent dry cough; angioedema; first-dose hypotension; renal failure/insufficiency; and hyperkalaemia
37 of 40
natriuretic peptides as endogenous RAAS inhibitors include? (4)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as well as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and renally produced urodilatin
38 of 40
what is Chief among pathways to suppressing RAAS
reducing the release of renin
39 of 40
RAAS may be further functionally opposed by increasing what?
GFR
40 of 40
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
aI is concerted into what by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), principally in the lung.
Back
angiotensin II (AII),
Card 3
Front
what release initiates and is rate-limiting in the RAAS
Back
Card 4
Front
AI is converted to
Back
Card 5
Front
circulating AI enters the pulmonary circulation and emerges as what
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