Roman world- The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
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For Honorius and Arcadius, who was their father and when did he die?
Theodosius I, -Death in Jan 395
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Who is in charge of what part of the Empire?
Honorius in charge of West and Arcadius in charge of East
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Who was Honorius aided by and what nationality is he?
Stilicho (half barbarian and half Rome- One of the first Barbarian influences on Rome
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Who was Arcadius aided by? What was his role under Theodosisus?
rufinus- Court minister and part of Theodosius coirt
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Therefore, who did they rely on and how were they useful?
They relied heavily on their advisers and the advisers knew how Theodosisus wanted to govern the Empire
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what was the problem with the Visgoths during Theodosius reign?
Invaded Roman provinces (Pannonia, Dacia- Modern Balkan states)
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who did Theodosis use to sort this problem and how?
Theodosius used half-barbarian general Stilicho to negotiate with Visigoth King- Alaric,
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Who did most of the negotiating and what did that mean for the promise made?
Stilicho was the one who did most of the negotiation- The promise came from him
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Did he uphold this promise?
He kept telling the Goths to wait instead of settling the Visigoths
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On Theodosius death, what did what advisor to Arcadius do to sort the problem?
Rufinus paid Alaric to move westward out of Arcadius' territories
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Therefore, where did the Goths move?
To the west in places such as Itlay and Gaul
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Why is this a fruitful decision for the East?
Allows them to grow in power and authority but disastrous for the west- They began demandiing these things as well
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Is is only the Visgoths who move Westward?
Many other barbarian tribes go Westward too such as the Ostrogoths, Hunts etc.
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Why did other barbarous tribes move?
Huns from Mongolia to Westward led the other barbarian tribes to move and were pushed forward-
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What did it lead to a shift to in the East?
Population shift
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What religion was Stilicho?
Catholic
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How did he become Theodosius right hand man?
he rose through the ranks
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Who was he in relation to Honorius?
Advisor to Honorius and general
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Who was Stilicho married to?
Theodosisus' niece,
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Who was Honorius married to?
Stilicho's daughter married Honorius, who was 11 at the time to enforce the bond
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what was Stilicho's reaction to Rufinus' decision?
Stilicho outraged by the goths being paid to move West
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Was this feeling mutual to Stilicho?
The East Empire was also angry as they wanted a war to finally sort this out
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What happened to Rufunius?
He was killed for this action
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When was Stilicho made consul?
400
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Where had been Theodosius capital?
Milan but was more of a figure head
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Where was Honorius based instead and why?
Ravenna- A costal city which was easier to defend- It had huge fortifications and surrounded by swamp/ marshes
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What was happening in the Wes with the Visigoths?
They were destroying cities and towns when moving to the West
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What two things did Stilicho prevent in Honorius reign?
Both barbarian incursions and interna uprisings
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In 406, what does Stilicho do to the EAst and why?
He threatens war with the East in 406- had enough of the East and their lack of help
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Why didn't this fighting happen?
Due to foreign problems in Arica (rebellion)
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When was the invasion of the Germans?
407
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Who did Honorius blame?
Stilicho
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How did Stilicho deal with the problem of the Visigoths?
Treaty of Peace with Alaric in 407
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What did Stilicho promise?
he promised land and money
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Why did Stilicho make this promise based on what usuper?
IT allowed Stilicho to go and sort out Constantine III, who called himself leader of the Wes
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Was he successful?
No he failed to kill Constantine III
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How did the Empire view this and his decision at peace?
They were angry
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What was Stilicho accused of?
Plotting to remove Honorius, all the Empire's problems were blamed on him and after his death it was said he was working with the oths
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What was Stilicho if anything trying to do?
he was trying to get the gothsto join the Roman army with what was promised
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When was Stilicho executed?
408
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How did the Visigoths feel after Stilicho's death?
They felt threatened- Many had settled,
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What happened to the Visigoths that had settled in rome?
Thye were shoved out of Rome and joined the others invading the West, makin g the Visigoth army even bigger
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What happenedto those that didn't leave?
Those who didn't leave were rounded up and executed, mostly women and children
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What was one of Honorius' problems based on Britain?
Problem with Britain- Isolated isle and many geenerals proclamed to be ruling there
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WHat did he decide to do?
He decided to abandon Britain in 410
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What does Zosimus argue how honourius abandoned Britain?
"honourius sent letters to the cities of Britain, urging them to fend for themselves"
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How long had Rome been there for?
10 years
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How long did indigenous Britains last for and why?
They lsated for some years, as they know how to survive and build roads but again breask down into tribes later
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How does this allow to invade more easily, adn what age does this begin?
Allows vikings to invade easily, -Begins dark age of Britain- Losign knowledge from Roman Empire
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For more problems Honorus faced, for internal revolts, who was recognised as co-ruler?
409, -Constantius II made co-ruler
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What relationship did Honorius and Constantius III Ihave?
General and brother in law
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However, when did he die?
In 411 after fighting in battle
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Who was successor to Constantine III and what did he claim?
Jovinus- Successor to Constantine III- claimed to b eruler of the West in 4111-412
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When was the sack of Rome by the Visigoths under Aulric?
August 24th 410
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As their army grw what did they decide to do?
They decided to get revenge- they set up an enormosu seige which lasted for 2 years
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What did Honoriys do?
he did littl to attack directly and adopted the only strategy he thought nesessary which was to wait for the Visigoths to get bored
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How do texts depict him?
They show him as an indecisive character and criticises from texts and historians
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While the soldiers could have defeated a worn our Visigoths, what happened?
Other events occured- People of Rome opened the gates to the Visigoths to destory it
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When was the last tiem before this invaders had owned Rome?
8th C
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What did they do in Rome?
They destroyed the city, destroyed Temples, destoyed the Tomb of Augustus but left the churches as they were Christian, few people were killed,
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What was attached to Rome being the capital?
An emotional significance as a figure head
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What was the aftermath of this?
It was strong for the Emoire- It doesn't collapse for another 80 years but is the start- Loss of sense of community
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What does Honorius fail to do with the Empire?
Keep it together
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When do the Visigoths begin to take Spain for themselves?
418
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In 420, what is abandoned to the Franks?
Northern Gaul
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What does this show about the Empire?
It is shrinking ever inwards towards the Empire
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Who is made co-emperor of the West but what happens?
421- Constantius III made co-emperor of the West but then dies a few months later
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When does Honorius die?
423
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What follows his death?
A short civil war
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Eventually who takes over as Emperor at what age?
His nephew Valentinian III at the age of 6
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Who is accepted as his regent?
His mother Galla Placidia, Honorius sister
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What is her effect with the Empire?
She ultimately halts the decline of the Empire for another 30 years,
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What is there a shift from Rome in the past to Rome now?
Shoft from Romans totally in charge of everything and more into half-barbarians in charge
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What was there more of based on inter-breeding?
There was more inter-breeding between Romans and barbarians,
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What did this lead to based on the amry?
Led to more barbarisn in the army and barbarians even paid to join the army
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How do these men have an effect on the Empire?
It is these men who sustain the Empire for anotheer 30/40 years
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When do the final troops lave Spian?
428
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Where do the Roman troops start leaving in 432
African provinces
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When do the final ROman troops leave Africa, and who takes over the whole of the North of Africa?
439, -Vandals take over the whole of North Africa
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When d othe Vandals sack Rome more violently?
455
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By the time of the 450s, what is the Empire?
mianly Italy, a little bit of Southern France and Siciliy,
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How much does Valentinian II lose in his reign?
he lsoes well over half of the Lands rome owed at the time
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Who were patricians and what power did they have?
General of the army, the power behind the throne
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What were they basically in all but name?
They were basically in charge
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What ws their relation to the Emperors based on power?
The Emperors were more figure heads and puppets of the Patricians
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For example, who was Honorius' patrician?
Constantius III
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Who were two patrician for Valentinian III?
Aetius, -Petronius Maximus
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Who was a patrician for many emperors in mid 5th Century?
Ricimer
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Overall, where did they tend to remain. Although are there exceptions?
Tey tended to remain behind the throne, -Exceptions include Constantius III who was made co-emperor and petronius took power
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For Valentinian III, in the 450s, what was lost to the Alans and Vandals?
Sicily and other Mediterranean islands
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What was the central core of Rome?
Italy and Balkans
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Who was he friendly with?
Visigoths in Spain and allies in Burgandy, France who they an call on
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Who were at war at the time?
Visigoths and Vandals
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What did the Vandals decide to do to annoy the Visigoths?
They decided to invade Italy to annoythe Visigoths as they are allied with the Romas
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Who did the Vandals try to get involve and why?
Vandals tried to get the Huns involed- Tries to cause trouble
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How long does what General cause torible for Rome?
General Gaiseric, -70 years
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how have the huns been viewed?
As tribe of savages- Nto well organsied until they got a new King in the 450s
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Where does the Vandal King gaiseric try to remove land from?
Remove land from Visigoths in Gaul
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What did the Visigoths do?
Appeal to Rome for help
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Who was the king of the Huns?
Attila
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What did Gaiseric appeal to Attilia about?
To atack the Roman Empire from the North
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How did Attilia feel about this?
Hapy with this- Happy with fighting and wanted t oattack Rome for the land
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What battle occured in 451 between them?
Battle of Chalons
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What was Attilia told by fortune tellers about the battle?
He was told he woudl lose the battle but his enemies would get killed, hoping it would be the head of the Roman army IAetius
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What do the Romans manage to do?
Push the huns back a bt despite the difference in numbrs
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Who is leading the Romans and who is leadign the Visigoths?
Romans- Aetius, -Theoderic- Visigoths
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When does Theodric die in battle and jow?
451 he is thrown off his horse and trampled to death
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Although, what is attilla forced to do?
They are forced back to fortified camp
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However why do the Visigoths withdraw?
To buty Theoderic
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What do the Huns do with this oopportunity?
Nothing- They believed it was a trick so didn't- They could hav attaceked the Romans but didn't so withdrew
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Who won?
ROmans and Visigoths- Attilla and Huns defeated and routed,
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After both Rome and Visigoths leave, in 452 whre does Attila attack?
Italy
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Although why does he stop?
He only stops when Pope Leo I rides out to meet him and asks him to stop devestating Christian lands
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When does Attilia die and what happens to the Huns?
453- Huns can't choose a new leader and so separate int odifferent clans
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Were they still a threat to the Romans?
No longer a threat- Huns too busy fighting each other and so not a threat to the ROmans
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What marriage occurs in 453?
Aetius's son marie Valentinian III's daughter
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When is Aetius murdered by Valentinian III and why is this significant?
454- The only emperor from any of our sources who physically kills someone in person
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Who is made patrician in 454?
Heraclius
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Howeveer, why are both Valentinian III and Heraclius murdered?
At the orders of Petronius Maximus, his new right hand man,
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What carries on in this period based on Emperors and patricians?
Different people being in charge goes on for a while with puppet rules
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Who was one of the most important patricians?
Ricimer
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When did he have pwoer behind the throne?
456-472
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What is left of his image culturally?
no surviving images- N ostatues, portraits or coins
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Although what is there evidence of him on coins?
All the coins of the emperors in this period feature his name too
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What does this show about Ricimer?
Makes him a shadowy figure- Keen to stay in the shadows behind the throne rather than on it,
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What nationality is he by birth?
Germanuc
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How did his descent help him?
Gave him prestieg power due to his relations- Allows Gaul and others to feel happy with this patrician and could negotiate
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What was he given the option to do by Leo I, Eastern Empror? what is his response?
Option to rule Western Empire from Rome as a governor of the Roman Empire- He says no and chooses to have puppet emperors instead
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How long does he rul for?
20 years
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What was he happy to do to Emperors?
Happy to kill Emperos if they were annoyign and happy to replace them,
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On his deathbed, who takes charge?
His nephew takes charge, Orestes
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What did the Eastern Empire ask again?
Eastern Empire asks again to take over, GunobB
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Did Orestes accept?
No he became patrician
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Who did he make Emperor?
Romulus, puppet emperor
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Were any decisions make by the young emperor?
No, all done in Orestes' name
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How was the Emperor in comparison to what it used to be?
Empire shadow of its former self
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Were there monuments left in his Orestes's name?
No laws or monuments left in his name but instead in his father's name
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What did the ostrogoths in the North demand?
They demanded land in Italy
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Did Orestes agree?
No he refused to negotiate and tribes revolt under the leadershop of Odoacer
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Who was Orestes captured by and when?
Captured by the Goths in August 476 and executed
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Did Romulua Augustulus continue as Emperor?
No he abdicated in Sep 476
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What is his abdication considered the end of?
Considered the end of the Wester Roman Empire- Barbarians dominate army and no Empire left apart from Italy and Balkans
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WHo was the first King of Italy?
Odaocer
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What did he ask the Eastern Emperor?
To combine the Empires and to be allowed to rue as governor of the West
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Who was in the East and did they agree?
Emperor Zeno, -THey agreed and allowed Italy to be called a province of the Byzantine Empire
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What was the set up between Odaocer and Zeno?
odacer asked to be patriach and rule in Zeno's name
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WHta does Odaocer call himself?
King
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Was Romulus still a threat?
he was still alive- He is petitioned off and lives life peacefully in Exile
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What happens to th eEmpire?
Grinds to a halt, entities ruled by different chiefdoms and tribes
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What changed the geography o Europe?
Invasion of tribes
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For reception, How long did the Empire in the East lsat?
For another 1000 years very successfully
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What was the capital?
Constantinople until 1453
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The western world derives particularly from what?
Rome- very influenial over the roman world
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What happened to the idea of the Empire of the West?
Continuing EMpire of the west- idea of western empire didn't leave
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Who reconquested Roman teritory in the West and when?
Justinian in 563
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Who did he retake Italy from?
The visigoths
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What did he attempt to use Rome based on symbolism?
He tried to retake Italy back from the Visigoths and attempted to use this symbolic act to try and unify the two sides to show the West did matter to the East in theory
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What was there an ongoing collision between?
The Church and rulers of the Franks
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For western roman church what did a number of franks do in Gaul?
Coverted to Catholicism
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Who in 496 converted to Catholic Christianity?
Frankish King Clovis, or Louis I- Carried on ideas of Western Roman Christian Church
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Who was re-named Emperor after many years in 800 by who?
Charlemagne crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III under a new Roman Empire.
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How did Einhard describe Charlemagne?
mentions Augustus as a term of leadership and concept of wanting there to be aother Roman western empire,
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What was the new Church-backed entity known as and when?
The Holy Roman Empire, 1354-1806
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For the influence of Latin, was it a universal language?
Universal language of the Western Catholci Church
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Where was Latin used based on worship?
Medieval monasteries: liturgical worship
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What was still written in Latin?
Commentaries, hymns, poems, dramas, annals, letters, laws and saints' lives
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When was scholarly and theological works began to be written in vernacuar?
Late 17th C
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What was also written in Latin still due to it being a scholarly lanuage?
Scholarly and theological texts written in Latin e.g. Life of Charlemagne
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Why was it important for various texts to be used to teach latin?
Almost all professions in the Medieval period used Latin e.g. Medicine, political, law etc.
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What texts were widely spread?
Christian and pagan texts
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What appeared in Latin in 1687?
Newton's canonical 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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What used Latin until 1840s in parliaments and law?
Croatian and Hungarian parliaments as well as in the Law
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Is Latin still influential now?
Yes it is widely still taught in schools in th west
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For continuing influence of Latin works, what is still there based on Latin titles?
Latin titles e.g. British monarch's title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith)
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What is widely used on coins?
Deo Gratia- By the grace of God, Regine- Queen
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Who is in charge of what part of the Empire?
Back
Honorius in charge of West and Arcadius in charge of East
Card 3
Front
Who was Honorius aided by and what nationality is he?
Back
Card 4
Front
Who was Arcadius aided by? What was his role under Theodosisus?
Back
Card 5
Front
Therefore, who did they rely on and how were they useful?
Back
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