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6. what vessels form the azygous vein

  • right ascending lumbar and right subcostal
  • internal thorasic and musculophrenic
  • left ascending lumbar and left subcostal
  • SVC
  • subclavian

7. what does the long thoracic nerve supply

  • pectoralis major
  • serratus anterior
  • deltoid
  • platysma

8. how does the diaphragm develop

  • starts as a central tendon at C2 , then descends though C3,4,5 collecting myotomes
  • starts as a central tendon at C1 , then descends though C2,3,4,5 collecting myotomes
  • starts as a central tendon at C3 , then descends though C4 and 5 collecting myotomes
  • starts as a central myotome at C3 , then descends though C4 and 5 collecting myotomes

9. between which muscles does the neurovascular bundle run

  • between the diaphragm and innermost
  • between the external and anterolateral abdominal wall
  • between the internal and innermost
  • between the external and internal

10. what is the triangle of safety

  • the area where it is safe to insert a chest drain: lateral border of pec major, lateral border of latissimus dorsi, 5th ic space (horizontal line)
  • the area where it is safe to insert a chest drain: lateral border of pec minor, lateral border of trapezius, 5th ic space (horizontal line)
  • the area where it is safe to insert a chest drain: lateral border of pec minor, lateral border of latissimus dorsi, 5th ic space (horizontal line)
  • the area where it is safe to insert a chest drain: lateral border of pec major, lateral border of trapezius, 5th ic space (horizontal line)

11. what are venae comitantes

  • a vein running alongside an artery. the pulsations of the artery aid venous return
  • a pair of veins running alongside an artery. the pulsations of the artery aid venous return
  • a pair of arteries running alongside a vein. the pulsations of the arteries aid venous return
  • when veins anastamose with one another

12. what bones are responsible for thoracic outlet syndrome

  • clavicle
  • cervical rib C7 or first thoracic rib T1
  • 2nd thoracic rib T2
  • manubrium

13. which muscles are used in passive inspiration

  • internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
  • external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
  • internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
  • external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

14. what are the attachments of the pec minor

  • clavicle and the coracoid process of the scapula
  • clavicle and sternocostal
  • ribs 3-5 and the coracoid process of the scapula
  • ribs 3-5 and sternocostal

15. what are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture

  • ant. xiphisternal joint, post. 10th thorasic vertebra, lat. diaphragm
  • ant. manubriosternal joint, post. 12th thorasic vertebra, lat. diaphragm
  • ant. xiphisternal joint, post. 12th thorasic vertebra, lat. curvature of costal margin
  • ant. manubriosternal joint, post. 10th thorasic vertebra, lat. curvature of costal margin

16. what is thoracic outlet syndrome

  • compression of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian artery and vein as they pass out of the superior thoracic aperture
  • compression of the abdominal aorta and IVC as it passes out of the inferior thoracic aperture
  • compression of the abdominal aorta as it passes out of the inferior thoracic aperture
  • compression of the common carotid artery as it passes out of the superior thoracic aperture
  • compression of the oesophagus as it passes out of the superior thoracic aperture

17. what are the accessory muscles

  • Scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj. and min., serratus anterior and lattimus dorsi
  • trapezius, deltoid, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj. and min. and serratus anterior
  • trapezius,deltoid, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj.and lattimus dorsi
  • Scalene, trapezius, deltoid, serratus anterior and lattimus dorsi

18. what are the relations of the phrenic n.

  • left runs by pericardium, right runs around aorta and around oesophagus to the diaphragm
  • left runs around aorta and around oesophagus to the diaphragm, right runs anterior to vertebral bodies and sympathetic trunk
  • left runs by pericardium, right runs anterior to vertebral bodies and sympathetic trunk
  • left runs anterior to vertebral bodies and sympathetic trunk, right runs by pericardium

19. what are lactiferous ducts

  • buds that appear like spikes on a bike wheel
  • conical/cyclindrical prominences
  • suspensory ligaments attaching mammary glands to dermis of skin
  • exocrine modified sweat glands that produce milk
  • sebaceous glands that enlarge

20. why might damage to the cartilage take time to heal

  • cartilage is complex and hard to rebuild
  • the cartilage has poor perfusion
  • there are a lot of nerves in this area