Skeletal System

What is the difference between and long and short bones?

Long: some of biggest in body e.g femur, cylindrical in shape. Short: aprox as wide as long e.g carples, provide support and stability

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What is a flat bone and what are its features?

Strong, flat plates e.g scapula or cranium. Provide protection for bodies vital organs and are a base for muscular attachment.

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What are irregular bones and what are its features?

Non uniform shape e.g vertebrae or sacrum. Consist of cancellous bones with thin outer lyer of compact bone. Protect nervous tissue ans support muscle attachment

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What are sesamoid bones and what are its features?

Provide smooth surface for tendons to slide over. Largest bone of this type is the patella in knee.

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What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Axial: This is the main core of your skeleton, consists of skull, throriac cage and vertebral column, supports and protects. Appendicular: Consists of bones attached to axial e.g upper and lower limbs and shoulder girdle.

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What are the 5 sections of the spine or vertebral column?

Cervicl vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae and coccygeal vertebrae.

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Describe where bone development takes place

Bone growth takes place at the epiphyseal plate. New cells grow here and produce hyaline cartilage. Becomes calcified and forms new bones. Osteoblasts break down old bone and tissue and replace with new material. Mending and growth takes place.

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What are the 8 functions of the skeleton?

1. Support 2. Protection 3. Muscle attachment 4. Source of blood cell production 5. Store of minerals 6. Leverage 7. Weight bearing 8. Reducing friction across joints

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What are the 3 types of joint?

1. Fibrous: prevent movement where 2 bones meet as most stable e.g skull. 2. Cartilaginous: small degree of movement but good stability e.g joint between vertebraes. 3. Synovial: Free movement, least stable, 2 or more bones, ends covered in cartilag

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Name and describe 6 types of synovial joint

Hinge:flexion+extension e.g elbow.Ball+Socket:All direction e.g shoulder.Condyloid:shallower joint to B+S, good movement e.g wrist.Gliding:move over flat surface,ligmnts restrict,e.g carples.Pivot:contolled rotation e.g neck.Saddle:no rotation, thumb

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What is the structure of synovial joints and the function of each?

Joint capsule:sleeve to keep bones in place+protect. Bursa:fluid sacs to cushion between tendons. Articular cartilage:end of bones, smoothness stops rubbing. Syn.fluid:lubricates joint reducing friction+gives nutrients. Syn.membrane: releases fluid.

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What are the 12 rnages of movement that can take place at joints?

1.Flexion 2.Extension 3.Dorsiflexion 4.Plantarflexion 5.Laterial flexion 6.Horizontal F+E 7.Hyper extension 8.Abduction 9.Adduction 10.Horizontal Ab+Ad 11.Circumduction 12.Rotation

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What are the short and long term responses of exercise?

ST: producing more syn.fluid, becomes less viscous so movement increases. More mineral uptake so stronger bones. LT:stronger ligaments where bones attach to syn.joints, also become more pliable so more flexible.

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How does arthritus effect the skeletal system?

1.Arthritus:inflamation of joints causing pain+stiffness.Osteoarthritus caused by wear+tear over long time, reduces amount of cartilage, bones rub. Regular exercise can prevent as more syn.fluid is produced and ligmanets become more pliable.

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Describe 2 other factors effecting the skeletal system?

1.Osteoporosis:weakening bones caused by lack vitD+calcium. As you age, bones get more brittle,likely to break, exercise prevents this as promotes mineral uptake. 2.Age:kids can damage plates at end of bone leading to stunted bone growth.

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Skeletal System

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