Skeletal System!
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- Created by: Izzy2807
- Created on: 23-10-19 17:10
What are the 4 functions of bones?
Supporting the body, protection of internal organs, movement (attachment for tendons and muscles), blood cell production in bone marrow (spongy) and storage of minerals
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilages (strongest)
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What are the main differences between bones and cartilages?
Bones are vascular (receive nourishment from blood), have nerve endings and are calcified. Cartilages aren't calcified, have no nerve supply and receive nourishment from diffusion
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What are bones and cartilages made from?
Bones: osteoblasts (immature), osteocytes (mature) and osteoclasts (convert bone matrix into calcium). Cartilages are made from chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
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What is the function of cartilage?
It reduces friction at joints and acts as a shock absorbents
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How can bone be classified?
Long (fibula, tibia), short (carpal or tarsal), flat (skull, ribs, sternum), irregular (vertebrae, hip)
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What are the two forms of bone?
Spongy and compact bone
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What are the two 'locations' of bone?
Axial (skull to sacrum) and Appendicular (all the other bones in limbs)
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What are the two parts of the bone matrix?
Osteoid (unmineralised), consisting of structural proteins and collagen fibres. Hydroxyapaties: calcium phosphates (bone hardness)
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What are the 3 parts of the long bone known as?
Proximal epiphyseal, diaphysis (shaft) and the distal epiphyseal
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What are the epiphyses in the long bone made of?
Spong and compact bone, covered in a hyaline cartilage.
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What is the diaphysis part of the long bone made of?
Just compact bone, with a medullary cavity made of endosteum
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What are the major components of the long bone?
2 membranes: endosteum (covering internal bone surface) and periosteum (made of dense connective tissue and secured to the bone by Sharpey's fibres). There is an inner osteogenic layer made of osteoblasts/casts. Nutrient arteries feed into the cavity
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What is ossification? What are the two types of ossification?
Endochondral (all long bones) and Intramembraneous ossification (direct replacement of skull and clavicle bone)
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What are the stages of endochondral ossification?
Starts with hyaline cartilage in the primary ossification centre, spongy bone is formed and periosteal BV forms, epiphyseal BV and medullay cavity forms (at 2nd OC), then epiphyseal plate cartilage and articular cartilage forms
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What are the stages of broken bone repair?
Starts with haematoma formations, then fibrocartilaginous callus formation, the bony callus formation, then the bone is remodeled!
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Describe the steps of calcium homeostasis when calcium is too low
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone which causes osteoclasts to degrade the bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood
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Describe the steps of calcium homeostasis when calcium is too high
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin, which stimulated calcium deposit in the bones
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What is the function of joints?
They give the skeleton mobility and holds it together
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What are the main components of the synovial joint?
Compact bone, ligaments, cartilage, synovial membrane and fluid
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What do tendons and ligaments do?
Tendons hold muscle to bone whereas ligaments hold muscle to muscle, preventing excessive movement
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What is osteomalacia, osteoperosis and rickets?
Osteomalacia: softening of bones due to mineral depletion (doesn't necessarily cause more bone breaks). Osteoporosis: lower bone density, lower bone strength, alterations in bone tissue and high risk of fractures. Rickets is similar to OstMal
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What hormones control bone growth?
Parathyroid hormone, Growth Hormone and oestrogen
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Why is bone marrow needed?
Red BM creates RBCs, yellow bone marrow produces fats and bone. White blood cells are also created in the BM
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What is a suture joint?
A fibrous joint with no joint cavity, joined by ligaments (immovable)
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What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
When the immune system attacks the synovium which can break down cartilage, more friction!
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What is synovial fluid?
Synovial fluid is secreted by synovial cells and is found in the synovial cavity. It lubricates joints, prevents friction and has phagocytes and supplies nutrients.
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What is synovitis?
Inflammation of the synovial membrane
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Back
Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilages (strongest)
Card 3
Front
What are the main differences between bones and cartilages?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are bones and cartilages made from?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the function of cartilage?
Back
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