Sociology Education

Setting and Streaming

Students are put in a group because of their ability and get stuck there which caps grades. E.g.: Low sets = Foundation level.

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The school curriculum is...

Ethnocentric around Britain and Christian holidays, all English.

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What is 'Generating Genius' for? What's the criticism?

To get disadvantaged kids into STEM. C: It isn't available to all students.

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Policies to lesser the gender gap

GIST, WISE, Removing coursework (Mitsos and Browne), National curriculum.

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What is Cultural Capital? Theorist?

When the family value education - usually middle class habitus. Bordieu.

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Material and Cultural Deprivation? Theorist?

Lack of money, lack of positive values. Bordieu.

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Becker's theory and what does it do?

Labelling and leading to self-fulfilling prophecies.

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Speech code types? Theorist?

Elaborate and Restricted. Bernstein.

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Who did the spurters study and what was it?

Jacobson and Rosenthal. Identified students as spurters and were more successful because the teachers focused on them.

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Study that shows rejecting labels.

Fuller's Black Girl study.

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Why do girls achieve higher?

More organised, bedroom culture, early socialisation, less anti-school subcultures, policies to help, because boys don't have role models, more teachers are women.

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Why do boys underachieve?

Laddish subcultures, feminisation of schooling (more female teachers), crisis of masculinity, labelling.

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How does marketisation affect education?

Schools compete to be top of the league tables, they focus on smart students in middle set and neglect failing because fails don't reflect in the league tables (Yoodel), attract more students, attract more funding.

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Archer about subcultures.

Nike identities, BUT it's too deterministic and devalues working-class.

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What is the correspondence principle? Theorist?

Everything in school mirrors the workplace, uniform, deadlines, authority, Bowles and Gintis.

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What are Althusser's theories?

ISA, RSA. Reproduce inequality, socialises into class roles, prevents revolution.

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What was Willis' study?

12 Working-class lads. They tried to reject school ideology by not engaging which forced them into working under the bourgeoise.

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What is privatisation?

When schools bring in external companies such as Pearson. Schools are targetted by these companies.

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What is globalisation in education?

Look to other countries to better their own system (PISA rankings),

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Functionalism on education

School socialises to make a consensus, prepare for work, strengthen social solidarity, create jobs.

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Marxism on education

False class consciousness, Correspondence principle, Reproduces inequality by failing working-class and legitimises it through the myth of meritocracy.

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Post-modernism on education

Students shape their identity through their peer groups.

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Feminism on education

Reinforces patriarchy.

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New Right on education

Marketisation, Parent choice, Nuclear family is key.

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Racial labelling

Liberal Chauvinists - Want to help but come across patronising. Overtly Racist.

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Ethnic achievement

Chinese and Indian students achieve best. Black Caribbean achieve worst. White Working-class achieve very bottom.

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Subject choice

STEM is male dominated. Women are labelled as 'butch' or 'lesbian' in sport. Men are called gay in 'feminine' subjects.

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Middle-class habitus

Delayed gratification, value education, cultural capital

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Working-class habitus

Fatalistic attitudes, Immediate gratification, anti-school.

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What does Comte say?

Sociology is a science. Science is to explain how things relate to each other, not how things exist.

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What are laws of co-existence and succession?

1. relationship between parts of society. 2. laws that govern social change.

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What does Durkheim say about sociology as a science?

It should study social facts that can be observed and measured.

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What does Sayer say?

It's a science. Open systems: doesn't make accurate predictions but can explain. Closed systems: Makes accurate predictions that can be controlled.

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What does Popper say?

Not a science. Sciences need testable hypothesis.

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What does Kuhn say?

Yes and No. It's a pre-science as it doesn't have an underlying theory.

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What does Weber say?

It's not a science because it requires subjective understanding and science is objective.

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What do Post-Modernists say about sociology as a science?

It's a metanarrative that explains things but lacks real validity.

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Explain values.

Value laden: Becker - it will always influence. Value free: Comte- It should be objective. Value relevant: Weber - Research should be value-free but values will be used to influence topics.

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Structured interview

Follows a list of pre-set questions. Gives quantitative data.

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Semi-structured interview

There is a set list but they can ask follow-up questions.

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Unstructured interview

It is guided by interviewer and interviewee. Can change questions as seen fit. Qualitative data.

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Secondary sources of research.

Documents and Statistics.

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Sampling types.

Random, Systematic, Stratified, Quota, Snowball, Opportunity, Volunteer.

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What is systematic sampling?

People are chosen from the frame at regular intervals until the sample size is complete.

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what is stratified sampling?

Break them down into groups, people are randomly selected from each group.

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What is quota sampling?

Broken into groups, the researcher has to find the number of people they are told to, they pick the first people they find in the groups.

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What is snowball sampling?

Collect a sample then that person tells you who to go to next.

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What is opportunity sampling?

Where you use people who are only available at a certain time.

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Advantages and disadvantages of using personal documents

Advantages: cheap, high validity, can study historical events, easy to access if consent is granted, information is rich in detail. Disadvantages: it can be time-consuming to gain access and to analyse, can't get consent for old documents.

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PET issues for structured interviews.

P: quick, cheap. E: may be insensitive and harmful, participants consent before taking part. T: Lack of validity no follow up, more reliable, is quicker more representative

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Sociology Education

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