Sociology - Youth Culture
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Parsons - Functionalism
Believed society was a self-regulating system and arrival of youth culture meant it was functional for society.
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Functionalism - Anomie
A period of normlessness where society loses sight of the values it shared.
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Parsons - Bridge Theory - Functionalism
Youth acts as a bridge between childhood and adulthood - society has a prolonged youth culture as it takes longer to learn what it is to be an adult in a complex society.
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Parsons - Criticism
Parsons ignores that many youths do not make the transition to adulthood as he describes - many people in their 20's are not in full time employment or are not living independently.
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Parson - Counter Argument of Criticism
The bridge is metaphorical, not everyone crosses this bridge, meaning they may not be an official adult.
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Eisenstadt - Functionalism
Acknowledged that youth was a particulary stressful experience, but maintained that it was functional as it provided ways for young people to cope with stress and move from the ascribed position of a child to the achieved position of being an adult.
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Eisenstadt - Stress
It helps youths with coping with stress by providing them with peer groups who are like-minded and understand the position that other youths are in.
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Eisenstadt - Criticism
This theory ignores the issues youths face that cannot be resolved by factors like a peer group.
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Eisenstadt - Counter Argument of Weakness
People who are not in education, employment or training (NEETS) do not have what they need to deal with stress (peer group) so may get over stressed.
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Albert Cohen - Functionalist (Subcultural)
Recognised the class divisions in youth culture, and does not view youth as a single culture.
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Albert Cohen - Example of Subculture
For Albert Cohen, working class boys cannot achieve status through material wealth or education, but deviance allows them to achieve status through delinquent subcultures.
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Fuctionalism - Criticism
Brake - Marxist - would argue that functionalists believed youth was in any way functional for the deprieved working class youths who grew up disengaged with the 'collective' society Parsons described.
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CCCS - Marxism
The CCCS is the Birmingham Centre where Marxists looked at youth cultures as a resistance to capitalism and a magic solution.
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Phil Cohen - Neo-Marxism
Studied the skinheads. Cohen thought that skinheads emerged as a reaction to the decline of working class communities.
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Phil Cohen - Skinheads as a Resistance
There were poor economic prospects, and the skinheads formed a resistance and were violent towards ethnic minorities as an attempt to preserve working class communites.
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Phil Cohen - Skinheads Style
Had shaved heads to intemidate others and wore clothes such as overalls to exaggerate their working class roots.
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Phil Cohen - Criticism
This theory ignores that many skinheads were violent due to racist beliefs and blamed capitalism as an excuse.
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Hall and Jefferson - Neo-Marxism
Hall and Jefferson studied the teddy boys as a resistance towards capitalism, class and class values.
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Hall and Jefferson - Teddy Boys Style
Saw their style as an expression of contempt for middle class values. The Teddy Boys were trying to blur the lines between classes by adopting a style untypical of poorer groups - Edwardian upper class style.
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Hall and Jefferson - Criticism
Made assumptions about the Teddy Boys - they never articulated their reasons themselves.
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Brake - Marxism
Working class youths saw their working class futures as inevitably dull and so spectacular subcultures were a magical solutio to their collective problems.
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Spectacular Subcultures - Marxism
This was a term used by Marxists in the 1960's-70's. Features of spectacular subcultures are - political, as it is a resistance against capitalism, and a symbolic style.
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Brake - Criticism
The CCCS argue that youths are working class, but many youth styles originated in art schools, amongst the wealthiest young people.
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McRobbie - Feminism
Found that youth subcultures are largely missing girls and although women are present in all youth subcultures, they are usually marginalised of a predominently male social activity.
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McRobbie - Invisible Girl
Term given to the lack of women in youth cultures.
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McRobbie - Bedroom Culture
When girls meet in their bedrooms to chat and form new friendships. They would talk about hair, makeup and boys, and also read magazines.
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McRobbie - Bedroom Culture - Why?
Girls would attract criticism and gain a bad reputation if they participated in activities that were normal for men. Also, parents see girls as more vunerable so try to protect and control them.
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Feminism - Males in Youth Culture
Males have less limitations and constraints imposed on them that what women do - males have more freedom.
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McRobbie - Criticism
Bedroom culture is an outdated idea, social media today means girls are never really trapped in their rooms.
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Osgerby - Feminism
Before the 1950's males were expected to look after females - chivalrous gentlemen - however youth cultures and stereotypes encouraged male youths to take a more sexist and aggressive role.
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Osgerby - Strength
NUS study of 'Lad culture' confirms the 1/4 of girls experience groping in clubs from males.
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Archer - Feminism
Carried out secondary research on girl gangs, using the media, police and previous research. Found that many young girls who typically feel marginalised in society, membership of gang culture can be empowering.
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Archer - Riot Girls (Girls in Gangs)
It makes girls feel empowered and not be seen as weak in their social circles.
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Archer - McRobbie Criticism
McRobbie would argue that girls join gangs because they are marginalised.
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Archer - Criticism
Using secondary research means Archer is relyinh on information from the police and media rather finding out directly from girls in gangs.
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Feminism - Criticism
Functionalists would argue that youth culture serves a function to all youths going through the same process whereas feminists see division between genders.
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Stanley Cohen - Interactionism
Cohen studied social reaction to juvenile delinquency, and saw how the Daily Mail's portrayal of the Brighton conflict was exaggerated and blown out of proportion.
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Stanley Cohen - Media and Amplified Deviance
Media hype kept the problem going - causing a moral panic. The media exaggerated the news stories and reported the incident as 'a different world'. This led to youths categorising themselves as deviant.
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Interactionism - News Values
This is what journalists see as news worthy.
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Interactionism - Moral Panic
Media exaggeration causes the public to over-worry about a situation.
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Interactionism - Deviance Amplification
When a moral panic leads to more cases of deviance.
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Stanley Cohen - Mods and Rockers
The reaction to the incident caused by the press made young people feel the need to categorise themselves as either mods or rockers.
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Stanley Cohen - Criticism
Labelling theory fails to account for why the initial deviant act was commited in the first place, between the mods and rockers.
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Stanley Cohen - How Labelling Theory is different from other explanations
Whilst Marxists and Feminists look at social factors like class and gender, interactionists think how some groups are labelled is more significant in stopping youth culture.
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Jock Young - Hippies
Hippies were labelled by the police and saw themselves as outsiders. They retreated and developed a deviant subculture, wearing longer hair and more 'far out' clothing. Drugs became a central part of the subculture.
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Interactionist - Master Status
Your most signifiact label that overrides all others.
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Fawbert - Hoodies
In 2008 Bluewater shopping centre banned hoodies, with media reacted, including Tony Blair. Sales of hoodies increased as a result, showing young people still respond to labels imposed from the media.
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MIPC - Post Modernism
Clubbing culture of the 1980 / 90's was seen by post modernists as young people using their consumer power to share a colletive dance experience regardless of class, ethnicity or gender.
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Club Culture - Post Modernism
Associated with relatively affluent youths who worked during the week and raved at the weekend, which also had a reputation for drug use.
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Bennett - Post Modernism
Researched clubs in Newcastle and found no evidence for youth subcultures, instead he found loose fluid and relatively short term youth grouping occuring These 'neo tribes' were based around fashion and lifestyle, but did not have any shared values.
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Luke and Luke - Post Modernism
Argue our culture today is derived from media that is global in nature, not national or local. As a result, we now have a hybridized youth culture whereby young people take elements from the global culture and adapt them to fit local values.
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Luke and Luke - Example - Post Modernism
Asian music being adapted and included into main stream pop music that is then listened to by a wide variety of young people.
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Katz and Lyng - Post Modernism
Looked at the concept of edgework – the idea crime is seductive and exciting for young people. For example, joy riding and vandalism both allow young people to construct a certain identity that can be seen in today’s globalised media.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A period of normlessness where society loses sight of the values it shared.
Back
Functionalism - Anomie
Card 3
Front
Youth acts as a bridge between childhood and adulthood - society has a prolonged youth culture as it takes longer to learn what it is to be an adult in a complex society.
Back
Card 4
Front
Parsons ignores that many youths do not make the transition to adulthood as he describes - many people in their 20's are not in full time employment or are not living independently.
Back
Card 5
Front
The bridge is metaphorical, not everyone crosses this bridge, meaning they may not be an official adult.
Back
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