Sociology Unit1 Revision

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  • Created by: jasmine
  • Created on: 17-04-13 07:10
Sociological Approach
A way of understanding human society that focuses on structures
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Psychological Approach
A way of understanding human behaviour by looking at individual make-up (the brain, personality, thinking patterns etc.)
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Biological Approach
A way of understanding humans by looking at their biological make-up (genes, chromosomes, hormones etc.)
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Power
Where a person/group is able to direct the behaviour of another person/group. This can be through direct exercise of power (force, dominance, authority) or indirectly (coercion, persuasion, expertise)
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Social Control
Ways of ensuring people behave in socially acceptable ways, such as socialisation, laws, exercise of power etc.
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Social Structure
Structures organised around people, such as the family, schools, religion etc.
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Culture
Where a group of people share common norms, values and beliefs.
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Subculture
A smaller group of people who share norms, values and beliefs
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Socialisation
The process of learning norms, values and beliefs. This can be primary or secondary
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Institution of Socialisation
The different social structures that are involved in socialising members of society, such as the family, education system, mass media, religion etc.
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Race
A term that suggests differences in culture, nationality, skin colour etc. that are biological
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Ethnicity
A term that suggests differences in culture but is not based on biology (this is about social differences)
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Sex
A term referring to the biological categories of male and female, as defined by genes, chromosomes and hormones
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Gender
A term referring to the social categories of masculinity and femininity, which are usually related to the biological categories of the male and female due to stereotyping and gender role socialisation
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Age
Is biological, but there are social points (e.g. children treated differently to adults, mass media tend to present negative stereotypes for older people)
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Stereotype
A 'typical' image of a person based on social categories such as gender, age, ethnicity, family position, job etc.
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Deviance
Acting in a way that goes against a culture's norms, values and beliefs
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Norms
Ways to act and behave that are seen as 'normal' within a culture/subculture
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Values
The things that a culture/subculture believes are important (e.g. owning a house and earning a living)
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Beliefs
The things that a culture/subculture believe in (God, innocence of children etc.)
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Sample
A selection of the population who are chosen to take part in research
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Stratified Sampling
Involves picking people from different groups within the population (e.g. different genders, ages)
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Random Sampling
The sample is selected by picking names out of a hat (or computer)
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Quota Sampling
Researcher picks participants until they have the number they need
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Systematic Sampling
Researcher uses a system to pick the participants (e.g. every 10th name on the register)
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Snowball Sampling
Researcher selects one person, then asks them to put them in touch with other people
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Primary Research
When researcher collects the data themselves (Interviews, questionnaires, observations, experiments)
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Secondary Research
When researchers use data collected by somebody else (Statistics, media reports/blogs, letters/emails, research studies)
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Overt Observations
Participants know that they are being observed
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Covert Observations
Researcher goes undercover, so the participants don't know that they are being observed
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Household
Used to describe the group of people living together in the same place e.g. a family, group of students
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Family
All the people who are related to each other either through blood, marriage or adoption
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Functionalism
See family as positive (beneficial to society)
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New Right
See family as negative for society if it is not a nuclear family
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Marxism
See family as negative for society - they believe the family helps to maintain class differences in society
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Feminism
See family as negative for society (and believe it is bad for women) - they believe the family is male dominated (patriarchal)
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Nuclear Family
Consists of mother, father and dependent children
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Extended Family
Consists of parents and children, along with either; grandparents (vertically extended) or aunts and uncles (horizontally extended)
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Modern Nuclear Family
Married or cohabiting couples with/without children
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Reconstituted Family
A family created as a result of divorced couples remarrying who may have children from their previous marriages
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Lone Parent Family
(Fastest growing family structure in Britain). When one parent brings up one or more children
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Same Sex Families
Same sex parents
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Marxist View on Education
Has a beneficial role for the powerful people in our society and brainwashing people to follow capitalist norms and values
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Functionalist View on Education
Is seen as performing a beneficial role in society
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Feminist View on Education
It benefits men, ensuring that males remain more powerful in society by teaching patriarchal norms and values, such as women's roles as carers and restricting access to certain subjects
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Independent Schools
Are run privately and are not part of the state education system. They charge fees to parents and include boarding schools
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Selective Schools
Can be independent or state schools and are usually called 'grammar' schools. They select which pupils they accept at their school, based on ability, religion etc.
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Comprehensive Schools
State schools ran by the government and accept all children of all abilities and backgrounds
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Hidden Curriculum
Term Marxists use to describe the way that children are taught the norms and values of society through the culture of the school etc. that are not part of the curriculum
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Labelling
Used to describe how pupils are given group labels based on behaviour, ability or disability. (e.g. low achiever, trouble maker etc.)
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When someone conforms to the label that they have been given (children who are told that they are high flyers start to do better in class)
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Ideal Pupil
The child who does as they are told, completes all their work, turns up to lessons on time with all of their equipment and gets their target grades or higher
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Anti-school Subcultures
Small groups who try and go against the main learning culture of the school - e.g. boys who escape school at lunch time
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Material Deprivation
Not having money and belongings that the majority of other people have
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Cultural Deprivation
Not being able to access activities of society because of social factors such as poverty or discrimination - e.g. not being able to access homework websites due to the lack of a computer
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Parental Attitudes
How parents feel about the value of education and qualifications
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Tripartite System
Consists of Grammar schools, Technical schools and Secondary Modern schools
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Grammar school
For those who passed the Eleven Plus - were seen as the most academic and intelligent
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Technical School
For those who didn't pass the Eleven Plus but showed a strong ability for highly skilled technical work (engineering etc.) - Were not many of these schools due to lack of funding
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Secondary Modern Schools
Anyone who didn't go to grammar schools or technical schools went here, where they would get a good basic education that would prepare them for less skilled jobs or managing the home
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Functionalist View on Education
Positive thing, ensuring smooth running of society
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Marxists, Feminists and Anti-Racists Views on Education
Society is structured in a way that keeps one group in power and oppresses other groups
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A way of understanding human behaviour by looking at individual make-up (the brain, personality, thinking patterns etc.)

Back

Psychological Approach

Card 3

Front

A way of understanding humans by looking at their biological make-up (genes, chromosomes, hormones etc.)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where a person/group is able to direct the behaviour of another person/group. This can be through direct exercise of power (force, dominance, authority) or indirectly (coercion, persuasion, expertise)

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ways of ensuring people behave in socially acceptable ways, such as socialisation, laws, exercise of power etc.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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