structure and function of the blood vessels and the heart
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- Created by: Millie Smith08
- Created on: 07-04-23 11:58
heart attack
loss of blood supply/ damage to the heart
pathological Q waves. T wave inversion
ventricular fibrillation
death
pathological Q waves. T wave inversion
ventricular fibrillation
death
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an infarct
dead or dying tissue resulting from lack of oxygen and nutrients (ischaemia) (longer diffusion distance= slower diffusion rate)
dead muscle despite an ocean of oxygenated blood in adjacent left ventricle
cause- acute obstruction of coronary artery
dead muscle despite an ocean of oxygenated blood in adjacent left ventricle
cause- acute obstruction of coronary artery
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even after a heart attack
the damage to the heart can lead to heart failure in the long term (long term problem)
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diffusion is vert slow over distances greater than
1mm
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the CVS speeds up gas and solute transport over long distances
convection
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function of the CV system
- delivery of O2 and nutrients to each cell
- removal of CO2 and waste products from each cell
- communication between organs through transport of hormones and other extracellular mediators
- temperature regulation
- crucial hydrodynamic advice is sexu
- removal of CO2 and waste products from each cell
- communication between organs through transport of hormones and other extracellular mediators
- temperature regulation
- crucial hydrodynamic advice is sexu
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have to create blood pressure across the system in order to push blood around the body. Requires:
- a pump
- a closed system (created by the blood vessels) so blood flows to the right place
- pressure (resistance) (also created by the blood vessels)
- also need to control blood vol as this can effect blood pressure
- a closed system (created by the blood vessels) so blood flows to the right place
- pressure (resistance) (also created by the blood vessels)
- also need to control blood vol as this can effect blood pressure
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left
pumps around systemic circulation
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right
pumps around pulmonary circulation
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red blood
is fully oxygenated (100%)
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the composition of blood
55% plasma
leucocytes and platelets- 'buffy coat' - where WBCs are
45 % erythrocytes (45% hematocrit)- oxygen transport
leucocytes and platelets- 'buffy coat' - where WBCs are
45 % erythrocytes (45% hematocrit)- oxygen transport
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plasma
water, ions, proteins, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, gases etc
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most of your blood is in
your blood vessels
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systemic circulation contains what % of your blood in total?
88%
(at rest)
(at rest)
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pulmonary circulation contains what % of your blood in total?
12%
(at rest)
(at rest)
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blood reservoir
veins, venules
61%
(at rest)
61%
(at rest)
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parallel circuit of blood flow
means if there is damage to one vessel/ organ it will not affect the whole CV system
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blood flow (at rest)
heart 4% (215 ml/ min)
kidney 20% (950 ml/min)
abdominal organs 24% (1200 ml/min)
kidney 20% (950 ml/min)
abdominal organs 24% (1200 ml/min)
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exchange
microcirculation
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blood vessels contain multiple layers that regulate their function
all blood vessels contain endothelial cells but vary in the thickness of the smooth muscle and connective tissue
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arteries
contain a large lumen and a thick layer of smooth muscle (tunica media) and connective tissue (tunica adventitia)
thick layer of elastic smooth muscle acts as a pressure reservoir (arteries must be able to stretch and absorb pressure from the heart)
thick layer of elastic smooth muscle acts as a pressure reservoir (arteries must be able to stretch and absorb pressure from the heart)
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contraction (systole)
stretch (absorbing pressure from the heart)
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relaxation (diastole)
passive recoil (releasing pressure)
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arterioles
contain a thin muscular wall and a thin lumen
contraction of smooth muscle regulates the diameter of the lumen
during relaxation blood is pushed onto other organs- this prevents pressure being passed onto other vessels
relaxation allows for more blood
contraction of smooth muscle regulates the diameter of the lumen
during relaxation blood is pushed onto other organs- this prevents pressure being passed onto other vessels
relaxation allows for more blood
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capillaries
have a single layer of endothelial cells
exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste across the capillary wall but not proteins (this is important in the regulation of fluid exchange)
capillaries are the only place that nutrient exchange can occur
intracellul
exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste across the capillary wall but not proteins (this is important in the regulation of fluid exchange)
capillaries are the only place that nutrient exchange can occur
intracellul
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venules and veins
thin small muscle layer and large diameter lumen allow storage of large blood vol (60% of total blood vol)
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return of venous blood to the heart is facilitated by
valves and the skeletal muscle pump
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varicose veins
broken valves allow the blood to flow backwards under gravity
blood cannot get back to the heart
blood cannot get back to the heart
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veins and venuoles are designed to get blood back to the heart under low pressure:
- valves
- large lumen (less resistance -> more flow)
- large lumen (less resistance -> more flow)
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why does blood accumulate in feet when sat for a long period of time?
the skeletal muscles are not squeezing the vessels in order to return the blood to the heart
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why is the left side of the heart 'larger'?
ventricles on LHS and RHS are the same size as the blood volumes must be the same on both sides , however there is more muscle on the left side as it has to pump blood around the entire body, so the left side appears larger
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major blood vessels to the heart
systemic arteries: carotid, aorta, brachial, radial
systemic veins: jugular, vena, cava
systemic veins: jugular, vena, cava
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interatrial septum
separates the atria
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interventricular septum
separates the two sides of the heart
doesn't always form properly in children
doesn't always form properly in children
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tendons (chordae tendineae)
hold the valves in the right direction
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blood supply to the heart
heart has an extensive network of blood vessels supplied with oxygenated blood via the coronary arteries
coronary arteries branch off the aorta (coming from the left ventricle)
most deoxygenated blood drains back into the right atrium via a single vein (
coronary arteries branch off the aorta (coming from the left ventricle)
most deoxygenated blood drains back into the right atrium via a single vein (
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left coronary artery
supplies the left side of the heart
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right coronary artery
supplies the right side of the heart
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damage to the coronary arteries may lead to a
heart attack
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coronary arterial disease
insufficient blood flow (ischaemia) is associated with chest pains (angina) often radiating down left arm
severe blockage leads to damage (death) of the heart region and myocardial infarction
ventricular fibrillation and death (heart attack)
severe blockage leads to damage (death) of the heart region and myocardial infarction
ventricular fibrillation and death (heart attack)
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causes of coronary arterial disease
- drugs
- surgery
- blood clot (coronary thrombosis)
- atherosclerosis (thickening of the coronary arteries)
- surgery
- blood clot (coronary thrombosis)
- atherosclerosis (thickening of the coronary arteries)
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treating coronary artery disease
balloon angioplasty
stent (left in to ensure the blood vessel remains open)
A. dye shows blockage (occlusion) of right coronary artery
B. guide wire used to insert a balloon which is inflated to allow the insertion of a wire stent
C. repaired vessel
stent (left in to ensure the blood vessel remains open)
A. dye shows blockage (occlusion) of right coronary artery
B. guide wire used to insert a balloon which is inflated to allow the insertion of a wire stent
C. repaired vessel
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stents are a common form of treatment for
minor heart attacks
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meninges (tough fibrosis membranes)
bacterial infection in CFS is called meningitis
(increased pressure in brain leading to seizures and loss of consciousness)
(increased pressure in brain leading to seizures and loss of consciousness)
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CSF
cushions the brain against damage (brain is floating in CSF)
Produced in specialised epithelial cell called the choroid plexus (500ml/ day)
circulation in brain and spinal cord driven by changes in circulation, respiratory and posture
passes into vein via
Produced in specialised epithelial cell called the choroid plexus (500ml/ day)
circulation in brain and spinal cord driven by changes in circulation, respiratory and posture
passes into vein via
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blood vessels and blood brain barrier
blood vessels 'dive' down into brain
capillaries contain tight junctions and are less permeable to many substances (BBB)
diff to get drugs and proteins into the brain
exception is lipophilic molecules such as anaesthetics, alcohol etc
brain has no stored
capillaries contain tight junctions and are less permeable to many substances (BBB)
diff to get drugs and proteins into the brain
exception is lipophilic molecules such as anaesthetics, alcohol etc
brain has no stored
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
an infarct
Back
dead or dying tissue resulting from lack of oxygen and nutrients (ischaemia) (longer diffusion distance= slower diffusion rate)
dead muscle despite an ocean of oxygenated blood in adjacent left ventricle
cause- acute obstruction of coronary artery
dead muscle despite an ocean of oxygenated blood in adjacent left ventricle
cause- acute obstruction of coronary artery
Card 3
Front
even after a heart attack
Back
Card 4
Front
diffusion is vert slow over distances greater than
Back
Card 5
Front
the CVS speeds up gas and solute transport over long distances
Back
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