Stuff In don't know in one quiz because i am too stressed to put it in separate ones. (L&B = Learning behaviour, M= Memory, L= Language, R= Reason, M&E = Motivation and Emotion, A= Abnormal Psychology)

?
  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 14-12-16 10:42
(L&B) What does the three-term contingency consist of?
Discriminative Stimulus , Response, (favourable) consequences
1 of 185
(L&B) What is the Discriminative stimulus? (Three term contingency)
The preceding event
2 of 185
(L&B) What is Response? (Three term contingency)
Operant behaviour
3 of 185
(L&B) What is (favourable) consequences? (Three term contingency)
The consequence of operant behaviour
4 of 185
(L&B) What are the 5 consequences of operant behaviour?
1. Positive reinforcement 2. Negative reinforcement 3. Punishment (positive punishment) 4. Response cost (negative punishment) 5. Extinciton
5 of 185
(L&B) What does positive reinforcement do?
Increases the frequency of a response when followed by an appetitive (pleasant) stimulus
6 of 185
(L&B) What does negative reinforcement do?
Increase in the frequency of a response when removing an aversive stimulus
7 of 185
(L&B) What does punishment do?
Causes a decrease in the frequency of a response when followed by an aversive stimulus.
8 of 185
(L&B) What does Response cost do?
Causes a decrease in the frequency of a response when removing an appetitive stimulus
9 of 185
(L&B) What is another name for punishment?
Positive Punishment
10 of 185
(L&B) What is another name for response cost?
Negative Punishment
11 of 185
(L&B) What is shaping?
Teaching new complex behaviours by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
12 of 185
(L&B) What is intermittent reinforcement?
Not every response is reinforced immediately, some things are reinforced on a particular schedule
13 of 185
(L&B) What is a fixed ratio probability-based schedule? (relating to intermittent reinforcement)
When you reinforce something every 5th response
14 of 185
(L&B) What is a variable ratio probability-based schedule? (relating to intermittent reinforcement)
When you reinforce something every Nth response on average
15 of 185
(L&B) What is a variable ratio time-based schedule? (relating to intermittent reinforcement)
When you reinforce something after every N minutes on average
16 of 185
(L&B) What is a fixed ratio time-based schedule? (relating to intermittent reinforcement)
When you reinforce something after every N minutes
17 of 185
(L&B) What is a primary reinforcer/punisher?
A reinforcer/punsiher which is biologically significant
18 of 185
(L&B) What are the other names for reinforcers and punishers?
Appetitive and Aversive
19 of 185
(L&B) What is an example of an primary reinforcer?
Food
20 of 185
(L&B) What is an example of an primary punisher?
Pain
21 of 185
(L&B) What is an example of an secondary punsiher?
Police siren
22 of 185
(L&B) What is an example of an secondary reinforcer?
Money
23 of 185
(L&B) What is a secondary reinforcer/punisher?
Something which is associated with with a biologically significant reinforcer/punisher
24 of 185
(L&B) What is behavioural pharmacology?
The study of how drugs influence behaviour
25 of 185
(L&B) What is imitation?
An innate tendency to learn by observing the behaviour of others
26 of 185
(M) What are the three parts of memory?
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
27 of 185
(M) What is encoding?
Actively taking in information into our memory system
28 of 185
(M) What is Storage?
Maintaining information in our memory system
29 of 185
(M) What is Retrieval?
Recovering information stored in our memory system
30 of 185
(M) What is sensory memory?
The brief unprocessed storage of sensory information brought in by the senses
31 of 185
(M) What are the types of sensory memory?
Iconic and Echoic
32 of 185
(M) What is Iconic sensory memory?
Visual modality
33 of 185
(M) What is Echoic sensory memory?
Auditory modality
34 of 185
(M) What is short term memory?
Information from sensory memory.
35 of 185
(M) What causes information to go from short term to long term memory?
Rehearsal
36 of 185
(M) What is the primacy effect?
The fact you are likely to remember the first thing you see
37 of 185
(M) What is the Recency effect?
The fact you are likely to remember the last thing you see
38 of 185
(M) After time is the primacy effect or the recency effect abolished?
Recency effect
39 of 185
(M) What is the Long-term recency effect?
The recency effect for information retrieved from LTM, not STM.
40 of 185
(M) What is working memory?
When you maintain and process/manipulate the information
41 of 185
(M) What is the theory on working memory?
The Multimodal model
42 of 185
(M) What does the multimodal model consist of?
Specialized storage buffers and a supervisory system
43 of 185
(M) What does the supervisory system in the multimodal model consist of?
The Central Executive
44 of 185
(M) What does the Specialized storage buffer in the multimodal model consist of?
The Visuospatial sketchpad and The Phonological loop
45 of 185
(M) What does the phonological loop deal with?
All verbal information, including rehersal
46 of 185
(M) What does the Central Executive deal with?
a general attention-based system that guides processing of information
47 of 185
(M) What does the The Visuospatial sketchpad deal with?
All visual information
48 of 185
(M) What does the episodic buffer do?
Binds information from the other storage buffers and interfaces with LTM to maintain multi-dimensional representations
49 of 185
(M) What makes you forget things in LTM?
Interference
50 of 185
(M) What are the two types of memory in LTM?
Declarative/Explicit and Non-declarative/Implicit
51 of 185
(M) What are the two types of Declarative/Explicit memory in LTM?
Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory
52 of 185
(M) What are the three types of Non-declarative/Implicit memory in LTM?
Conditioning, priming and procedural memory
53 of 185
(M) What is Episodic Memory?
Memory for (autobiographical) events or "episodes"
54 of 185
(M) What is Semantic Memory?
Memory for factual, world knowledge
55 of 185
(M) What is conditioning (non-declarative memory)?
Operant/Classical
56 of 185
(M) What is priming?
Exposure to a stimulus affects future response
57 of 185
(M) What is Procedural memory?
Skill learning
58 of 185
(M) What are the two types of Encoding?
Intentional and Incidental
59 of 185
(M) What is intentional encoding?
When you study something and try to learn it
60 of 185
(M) What is incidental encoding?
When you absorb knowledge without trying to learn it
61 of 185
(M) What are the three types of retrieval?
Recall, Recognition and Cued Recall
62 of 185
(M) What is Recall?
When you straight up try to remember something
63 of 185
(M) What is recognition?
When you identify if you have seen something before or not
64 of 185
(M) What is cued recall?
When you are given clues to remember something
65 of 185
(M) What are the two types of rehearsal?
Maintenance and Elabroative
66 of 185
(M) What are the two types of processing?
Shallow and Deep
67 of 185
(M) Order these in depths of processing from shallow to deep.
Orthographic, Phonemic, Category and Sentence
68 of 185
(M) What are two types of Mnemoic aids?
Method of loci, Narratives
69 of 185
(M) What are Mnemonic aids?
Active techniques or strategies to improve memory performance
70 of 185
(M) What is the Method of loci?
Items that are mentally associated with specific physical locations
71 of 185
(M) What are Narratives?
Items linked together by a story
72 of 185
(M) What part of the brain deals with Memory?
The Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
73 of 185
(M) What part of the PFC is involved in retrieving information?
The Right PFC
74 of 185
(M) What part of the PFC is involved in encoding information?
The Left PFC
75 of 185
(M) What part of the brain is important for LTM consolidation and spatial navigation?
The Hippocampus
76 of 185
(M) What part of the brain strengthens the synaptic connection between neurons?
The Long-term potentiation (LTP)
77 of 185
(M) What are the two types of anmensia?
Anterograde and Retrograde
78 of 185
(M) What is Anterograde amnesia?
The inability to form new memories since the brain damage
79 of 185
(M) What is Retrograde amnesia?
The inability to retrieve memories from before the brain injury
80 of 185
(L) According to the modular approach each mental function (___) has its own organ (___)
Domain, Module
81 of 185
(L) Modules are...?
Domain-specific
82 of 185
(L) Organs are... ?
Function-specific
83 of 185
(L) Modules operate through a distinctive set of.....?
Processes and Representations
84 of 185
(L) What is phonology?
The sound of words
85 of 185
(L) What are semantics?
The meaning of words
86 of 185
(L) What is grammar?
The rules for grouping words
87 of 185
(L) What is representation?
The information of something in your mind
88 of 185
(L) What are the suggested two modules we use for reading?
Sublexical and lexical
89 of 185
(L) What does the sublexical route do when reading?
It is used for reading non-words
90 of 185
(L) What does the lexical route do when reading?
It is used for reading words (particularly irregulars)
91 of 185
(L) What are grapheme's?
a group of letters matched to 1 sound (phoneme)
92 of 185
(L) How does the sublexical route enable us to read unrecognised words?
Recognises letters- puts into graphemes - makes a sound- merges sound together
93 of 185
(L) How does the lexical route enable us to read?
Recognises letters- matches to a word we know - direct link from the word to the sound
94 of 185
(L) What happens in a connectionist single-route model?
Regular, irregular, familiar and on-words are all read through one route
95 of 185
(L) What is fast mapping?
The ability to learn a new word with limited exposure.
96 of 185
(L) Is Phonological Awareness needed to read?
Yes
97 of 185
(L) What are the two ways to teach reading?
The look and say, and phonics
98 of 185
(L) What are the two types of dyslexia?
Phonlogical dyslexia and Surface Dyslexia
99 of 185
(L) What is Phonological dyslexia?
Okay with familiar words, poor with non-words
100 of 185
(L) What is Surface dyslexia?
Fine with non-words, poor with other words (particularly irregulars_
101 of 185
(L) What is Aphasia?
The loss of the spoken language function
102 of 185
(L) What are the two types of Aphasia?
Broca's (expressive) and Wernicke''s (receptive)
103 of 185
(L) What is Broca's aphasia?
When you are not fluent in speech. You only produce a few meaningful words but have quite good comprehension
104 of 185
(L) What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
When you have fluent meaningless speech & poor comprehension,
105 of 185
(L) What is the suggested area of damage for Broca's aphasia?
The motor programmes of words (area which deals with grammar)
106 of 185
(L) What is the suggest area of damage for Wernicke's aphasia?
The area which recognises and retrieves word meaning
107 of 185
(L) What is developmental dyslexia?
A deficit in learning to read (and often spelling)
108 of 185
(L) What is developmental dyslexia associated with?
Poor phonological awareness
109 of 185
(L) What are the three types of developmental dyslexia?
Phonological deficit, visual deficit, memory deficit
110 of 185
(L) What is a phonological deficit?
Difficulty in separating sounds
111 of 185
(L) What is a visual deficit?
Difficult analysing letters in order
112 of 185
(L) What is a memory deficit?
Difficulty holding sounds in memory
113 of 185
(R) What is reasoning?
A type of thinking that is careful, unemotional and leads to the truth
114 of 185
(R) What are the two kinds of reasoning?
Deductive and inductive
115 of 185
(R) What are concepts?
Building blocks that we use in reasoning
116 of 185
(R) Featuresof a concept are stored at the _____ level
Highest possible level
117 of 185
(R) What is an issue with the concept theory?
It is too neat, human minds are messy.
118 of 185
(R) What are formal concepts?
Carefully defined taxonomies (scientific classification) used by experts
119 of 185
(R) What are natural concepts?
They are based on everyday experiences of real things and don't have precise definitions.
120 of 185
(R) What is a basic level concept?
The concept you are most likely to use
121 of 185
(R) The super-ordinate is the concept___ other concepts
Above
122 of 185
(R) The Sub=ordinate is the concept ____ other concepts
Below
123 of 185
(R) What is a prototype?
The most central or typical basic-level member of a superordinate concept
124 of 185
(R) What is a type of deductive reasoning?
Syllogisms
125 of 185
(R) What are the things within a Syllogism? (deductive reasoning)
Two claims and a conclusion
126 of 185
(R) What is conditional reasoning?
A kind of deductive reasoning which contains an if-then claim
127 of 185
(R) What is confirmation bias?
When you test if something is correct rather than testing if it is wrong
128 of 185
(R) Syllogisms that work are called___
Valid
129 of 185
(R) The truth on a syllogism depends on_____
The truth of its claims
130 of 185
(R) What is inductive reasoning?
When you collect data and make a general rule about the data.
131 of 185
(R) Why do humans struggle with inductive reasoning?
Because of probability
132 of 185
(R) If events are independent then what has happened before is____
irrelevant
133 of 185
(M&E) What is motivation?
A general term for a group of phenomena that effects the nature of an individual's behaviour, the strength of the behaviour, and the persistence of the behaviours
134 of 185
(M&E) Is control a reinforcer?
Yes
135 of 185
(M&E) Is novelty a reinforcer?
Yes
136 of 185
(M&E) What happens before extinction?
An extinction burst
137 of 185
(M&E) What does reinforcing stimuli cause the release of?
Dopamine
138 of 185
(M&E) What is the ideal state of a system called?
Homeostasis
139 of 185
(M&E) What are regulatory behaviours?
Behaviours that bring physiological conditions back to their ideal state
140 of 185
(M&E) What are the four essential features of a regulatory system?
1) System variable, 2) Set point 3) Detector 4) Correctional Mechanism
141 of 185
(M&E) If the ____ (air temperature) falls below the _____(temperature setting), the ____ (thermostat) will register this and the _____ (heater turns on) is activated until the temperature returns to the _____
System variable, set point, detector, correctional mechanism. set point
142 of 185
(M&E) What are the regulatory systems in humans?
The nervous system, The endocrine (hormone) system, and sensory organs
143 of 185
(M&E) Fulfilling a homeostatic drive is__?
Negatively reinforced
144 of 185
(M&E) What is it called if you have too much of something?
Satiation
145 of 185
(M&E) Diversive exploration is a response to_____
Understimulation
146 of 185
(M&E) Specific exploration is a response too____
Overstimulation
147 of 185
(M&E) What are the three components of emotional responses?
Behavioural, Autonomic, Hormonal
148 of 185
(M&E) When you are stressed Epinephrine & Norepinephrine ____
Increase
149 of 185
(M&E) When you are stressed cortisol___
Increase
150 of 185
(M&E) When you are stressed heart rate & blood pressure_____
Increase
151 of 185
(M&E) When you are stressed levels & mobilisation of free fatty acids, cholesterol & triglycerides____
Increase
152 of 185
(M&E) When you are stressed platelet adhesiveness & aggregation_ ___
Increase
153 of 185
(M&E) When you are stressed blood flow to the kidneys, Skin and gut _____
Decrease
154 of 185
(M&E) What are the three phases of stress?
Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion
155 of 185
(M&E) What happens in the alarm reaction phase to stress?
Resources are mobilised
156 of 185
(M&E) What happens in the resistance reaction phase of stress?
You cope with the stressor
157 of 185
(M&E) What happens with the exhaustion phase of stress?
The reserves are depleted
158 of 185
(M&E) What does the amygdala do?
Communicates with many areas of the brain
159 of 185
(M&E) What is one of the neural routes for the conditioning of fear?
A direct route from the thalamus to the amygdala
160 of 185
(M&E) What is one of the neural routes for the conditioning of fear?
An indirect route from the thalamus to the amygdala via the sensory centres
161 of 185
(M&E) What does the orbito-frontal cortex do?
It is connected to the sensory system, the areas which control decision making and communicates with the limbic system
162 of 185
(M&E) What is an alternative theory to the "Flight or fight"
The James-Lange theory
163 of 185
(M&E) What is the idea of the James-Lange Theory?
That instead of seeing an object as scary you interpreate the physiological changes as the emotion
164 of 185
(M&E) What does the Schacter-Singer model say about emotion?
That it is determined by the perception of bodily states and cognitive appraisal of the situation
165 of 185
(M&E) What is the idea of action tendencies?
That emotions move you to readiness for certain actions
166 of 185
(M&E) What is primary appraisal?
The initial assessment of the environment (can be positive, negative or neutral)
167 of 185
(M&E) What emotion-focused coping involve?
Defence mechanisms such as avoidance
168 of 185
(M&E) What is problem-centred coping
It involves thinking towards a solution
169 of 185
(M&E) What is goal related?
Primary Appraisal
170 of 185
(M&E) What has Ego involvement?
Primary Appraisal
171 of 185
(M&E) What is mostly innate?
Primary Appraisal
172 of 185
(M&E) What is focused around how an individual copes?
Secondary Appraisal
173 of 185
(M&E) What can override the other sort of appraisal?
Secondary Appraisal
174 of 185
(M&E) What does Wiener's model add to the concept of appraisal?
Attribution
175 of 185
(M&E) What is the Hedonic treadmill?
The idea that we return to a baseline state of happiness even after an extremely emotional event
176 of 185
(A) What is abnormal psychology?
The area of psychology that studies and treats mental disorders
177 of 185
(A) What causes mental disorders according to the psychodynamic perspective?
Intrapsychic conflict (when the Id, Superego and Ego conflict)
178 of 185
(A) What is currently the medical model in classifying and treating mental disorders?
The medical model
179 of 185
(A) According to the medical model, what causes mental disorders?
Abnormalities in the brain and nervous system
180 of 185
(A) According to the cognitive- behavioural perspective what causes mental disorders?
Mental disorders are learned by maladaptive behaviour patterns
181 of 185
(A) According to the humanistic perspective what causes mental disorders?
When you act to gain a positive regard from others and this can lead to manipulative behaviour
182 of 185
(A) What is the socio cultural perspective on mental disorders?
The idea that what is considered abnormal in some cultures is not in others. This is called culture bound syndrome.
183 of 185
(A) What is the diathesis- stress perspective on mental disorders?
Genetic factors and early life experiences create a predisposition towards mental disorders
184 of 185
(A) What does DSM stand for?
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
185 of 185

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

(L&B) What is the Discriminative stimulus? (Three term contingency)

Back

The preceding event

Card 3

Front

(L&B) What is Response? (Three term contingency)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

(L&B) What is (favourable) consequences? (Three term contingency)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

(L&B) What are the 5 consequences of operant behaviour?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all lots of topics resources »