TEFL 2

Functions

different ways of using the same form

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Conditional

hypotheticals (have two clauses - modal + if)

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Bare Infinitive

an Infinitive without 'to'

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Agent

person or thing(s) that perform the action

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Deductive approach

rules --> language (in teaching)

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Inductive approach

language --> rules (in teaching)

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Drilling

repeating phrases in chorus

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PPP

Presentation Practice Production

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Controlled Practice Activities

activities and exercises which focus on selecting the correct form and getting structure and pronunciation right. FOCUS ON ACCURACY

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Freer practice activities

require use of TARGET LANGUAGE. FLUENCY FOCUSED. delayed correction

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Correction Spot

at end of activity or session

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3rd conditional

past conditional (e.g. "If he hadn't gone out that night, he wouldn't have...")

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Contracted

combined words (e.g. I + would --> I'd)

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Bottom- up processing

(DECODING) the process of building the meaning upwards from the smallest units

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Top-down processing

knowledge and cultural knowledge helping us understand a text

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Digraphs

two letters that together represent a single sound e.g. 'sh' = / /

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Strings

3 or more letters that commonly form part of a word e.g. -ing, -augh

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Intensively (listening)

details

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Extensively (listening)

just for general understanding

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Interactively (listening)

a response is required from the listener

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Non - interactively (listening)

no response required

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Exponents

different ways of expressing the same function

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Anaphoric reference

referring back to something that has already been mentioned (e.g. "Sue --> her")

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Cataphoric reference

referring to something before it has been mentioned (e.g. "She --> Maria")

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Exophoric reference

referring out of text (e.g. "they" = the population of Chester)

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Relative pronouns

used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun (whom, which, who, that, those)

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Relative adverbs

replace a preposition. Act like relative pronouns. (when, where)

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Grammatical cohesion

different types of referencing creating cohesion

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Lexical cohesion

different lexis creating cohesion. feature, Not device.

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Process writing

prepare piece in lesson, set for homework

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Natural Method

Features: Classroom conduct only taught in TARGET LANGUAGE. Only everyday vocabulary taught. Oral developed through Q&A and intense classes. Grammar taught inductively. New teaching parts introduced orally. Concrete vocab introduced with pictures.

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Audiolingualism

adapted from army method. Intensive contact with foreign. No explicit language grammar teaching. listen & repeat methodology. Language properly graded

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Situational English

students should hear before they see. New language introduced through situations (no L1 use). simple --> complex grammar. Students don't start with reading or writing in L2 until basic knowledge of vocab and grammar

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Communication Approach/ CLT

Primary goal is communicative competence (= the ability to successfully communicate and understand messages in TARGET LANGUAGE.

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Natural approach, Humanistic Approaches (HA)

No 'silent period.'(acquiring but not producing knowledge) 1970s

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(HA) TPR/ Total Physical Response

only for early stages of L2 learning. Students taught through obeyed imperatives

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(HA) The Silent Way

Strong emphasis on pronunciation. Student almost always silent

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(HA) Community Language Learning/ CLL

counselling circle. Chinese whispers-style approach

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(HA) Suggestopedia

positive suggestion (No inhibition) Students ned to feel totally relaxed. Music = teacher reading + students translating. not very effective

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Recent Approaches (RA) Lexical approaches

syllabus organised according to vocabulary.

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Lexical phrases

sentence frames, collocations etc.

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corpus

a body of linguistic examples of collocations

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concordancers (RA)

programs which analyse the corpus

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Dogme (RA)

rejects course books and grammar teaching. lessons based around what students produce.

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CALL

Computer Assisted Learning

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CEFR

Common European Framework of Reference

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ESOL

English for speakers of Other Languages

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ESL

English as a Second Language

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*IELTS

International English Language Testing System --> general and academic training --> 4 papers X/9 score

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ESP

English for Specific Purposes

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EAP

English for Academic Purposes

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Get Revising

TEFL 2

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Card 2

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Card 3

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Card 4

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Card 5

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