The Nervous System
The brain, spinal cord and network of nerves send signals around our bodies.
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- Created by: Thabisa18
- Created on: 11-05-23 07:04
Nervous System
Responsible for rapid, short-term responses to changes in the environment.
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Endocrine System
Responsible for slower, longer-term responses to changes in the environment.
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Homeostasis
The process whereby the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
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Hormones
Chemical messengers help to regulate various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism and reproduction.
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The Central Nervous System(CNS)
The CNS is composed of the brain, spinal cord.
The brain and spinal cord are susceptible and must be protected from pathogens and mechanical injuries.
The brain and spinal cord are susceptible and must be protected from pathogens and mechanical injuries.
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Why must the brain and spinal cord be protected?
Due to their high sensitivity, they need to be protected from pathogens and injuries.
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What protects the brain and the spinal cord?
the brain is surrounded by the bones of the cranium or skull, and the spinal cord is found within the vertebral column.
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What are the three protective layers that surround the brain and spinal cord?
The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
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Dura mater
The outermost and toughest meninge of the three. It is made up of dense, fibrous tissue, and provides a protective barrier for the brain and spinal cord.
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Arachnoid mater
The thin middle layer of the meninges, a web-like membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It contains cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), which acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, protecting them from shocks and bumps.
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Pia mater
The innermost layer of the meninges and is a thin, delicate membrane that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the brain and spinal cord.
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What is the result of damaged meninges?
Serious neurological problems, including meningitis, a potentially life-threatening condition that causes inflammation of the meninges.
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The function of a brain
To control and coordinate all of our body's functions, from our heart rate to our ability to think and move.
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What is the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that helps to regulate homeostasis by controlling various bodily functions, including body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
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Meninges
The three protective layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The clear, colorless liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a cushion, protecting them from shocks and bumps.
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What is the outer layer of the brain composed of?
The outer layer of the brain is composed of grey matter.
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What is the inner part of the brain composed of?
The inner parts of the brain are composed of white matter, which is composed of neurons surrounded by myelin sheath.
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What is the cerebrum?
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher-level functions such as thinking, learning, and memory. It is divided into two hemispheres, the left and the right.
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What is the corpus callosum?
The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. It allows the two sides of the brain to communicate and work together to perform complex tasks.
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain, just below the cerebrum, and is responsible for coordinating and controlling movement, balance, and posture.
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What is the medulla oblongata?
The medulla oblongata is located at the base of the brainstem and connects the brain to the spinal cord. It controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
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What is the spinal cord?
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tube-like structure that runs down the back and connects the brain to the rest of the body. It acts as a communication pathway between the brain and the PNS, which includes all of the nerves outside the nerves outside the
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What is the composition of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord is composed of white matter that surrounds a core of grey matter. There is also a central canal running through the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.
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What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The PNS is the part of the nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord and includes all the nerve fibres that transmit sensory information and control motor functions throughout the body.
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What are the two main components of the PNS?
The two main components of the PNS are the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
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What is the role of the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
The SNS is responsible for controlling voluntary movements and transmitting sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
The ANS is responsible for regulating involuntary functions of the body such as heart rate, blood pressure and digestion.
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What are some neurological disorders that can result from dysfunction of the PNS?
Some neurological disorders that can result from dysfunction of the PNS include peripheral neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary or automatic functions of the body.
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What are the two main divisions of the ANS?
The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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What is the 'fight or flight' response?
The response of the sympathetic nervous system that prepares the body for action during stressful or dangerous situations.
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What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
It increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion and causes the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal gland.
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What is the 'rest and digest' response?
The response of the parasympathetic nervous system that promotes relaxation and digestion.
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What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
It slows down heart rate, decreases blood pressure, stimulates digestion and promotes healing and repair.
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Why is the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems important?
It is essential for maintaining a healthy body.
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What can affect the autonomic nervous system?
Stress, emotions, exercise, diet and certain medications.
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What disorders can result from an imbalance or dysfunction in the ANS?
Hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
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How are ANS disorders treated?
By identifying the underlying cause and managing symptoms through lifestyle changes, drugs and other therapies.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Responsible for slower, longer-term responses to changes in the environment.
Back
Endocrine System
Card 3
Front
The process whereby the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Back
Card 4
Front
Chemical messengers help to regulate various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism and reproduction.
Back
Card 5
Front
The CNS is composed of the brain, spinal cord.
The brain and spinal cord are susceptible and must be protected from pathogens and mechanical injuries.
The brain and spinal cord are susceptible and must be protected from pathogens and mechanical injuries.
Back
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