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The Social Impact of Religious and Economic Change Under Edward VI
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What religious direction did the country move to under Edward VI?
Protestantism
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The Book of Common Prayer 1549
Written by Archbishop Cranmer, and was written as a new relic of Protestantism but reflected Somerset's cautiousness about religious change
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What were the two key objectives?
-Establish a single form of services within the Church of England
-Translated the services into English from Latin to enhance the the understanding of key texts
-Translated the services into English from Latin to enhance the the understanding of key texts
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Bishop Gardiner's interpreation
The text included an ambiguous Eucharist declaration which he believed could have implied that Transubstantiation was accepted
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Denunciation of images in London (February 1547)
-Reflected radical attitudes amongst Churchmen, like Nicholas Ridley
-Significance: Ridley was supported both in Parliament and by Protestant activities within London who engaged in widespread iconoclasm
-Significance: Ridley was supported both in Parliament and by Protestant activities within London who engaged in widespread iconoclasm
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Injunctions issued (July 1547)
-Reflected radical attitudes in government
-Significance: attacked many features of Catholicism, such as: lights, images, stained glass, processions and practices associated with Candlemas, Ash Wednesday and Palm Sunday
-Significance: attacked many features of Catholicism, such as: lights, images, stained glass, processions and practices associated with Candlemas, Ash Wednesday and Palm Sunday
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Dissolution of chantries and religious guilds (December 1547)
-Crown needed money to pay for foreign policy
-Significance: chantries, guilds and lay brotherhoods abolished and their property seized by the Crown. This represented a further attack on popular Catholicism
-Significance: chantries, guilds and lay brotherhoods abolished and their property seized by the Crown. This represented a further attack on popular Catholicism
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Introduction of Book of Common Prayer (May 1549)
-Need for uniform approach to religious services
-Significance: imposed a more moderate approach to religious reform than that which had been followed in 1547
-Significance: imposed a more moderate approach to religious reform than that which had been followed in 1547
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The social effects of these new religious changes
-Targeted the religious experience of ordinary people
-Enabled a renewed plundering of the Church's resources
-The injunctions of 1547 attacked many traditional Catholic practices
-Enabled a renewed plundering of the Church's resources
-The injunctions of 1547 attacked many traditional Catholic practices
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The attacks on the chantries and the plundering of their assets
It stops the dead from connecting with the communities that they had once be part of
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The attacks on guild and cofraternities
Meant that the Crown confiscated money and property, which had previously underpinned charitable activities, feasts and celebrations
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What was Northumberland's strategy in relation to the Church?
-He wished to continue the Protestant reforms initiated by Somerset
-He sought to plunder more of it's wealth
-He sought to plunder more of it's wealth
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Why was Northumberland cautious in religious matters?
-Cranmer was beginning to move into a more radical direction
-Radical clergymen: Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London and John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester were becoming more influential
-Reformers like Martin Baucer and Peter Martyr had come to English
-Radical clergymen: Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London and John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester were becoming more influential
-Reformers like Martin Baucer and Peter Martyr had come to English
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Who had the new English reformers started to work closely with?
Swiss reformer Heinrich Bullinger of Zurich, who carried on the Zwinglian Reformation in the city
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What did Edward VI see as his most important role?
Being head of the English Church, and the firmly Protestant nature of the Church was reflected in Cranmer's Forty-Two Articles of Religion, but there was often ambiguities in this document
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Who did the Crown attempt to improve their finances after the ruinous expenditure of the Protectorate?
They pursued a systematic policy of asset ********* and extracting wealth from the Church through the plundering of property of bishoprics
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The combination of Dioceses
-The Dioceses of Gloucester and Worcester were combined, with two thirds of the Worcester estate going to the Crown; the Bishops of Exeter and Winchester made substantial "grants" from their property to the Crown; and there was a plan to divide Durham to
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Key change in the revised Book of Common Prayer, 1552:
Removal of remaining "Conservative" ceremonies
Removal of remaining "Conservative" ceremonies
-No longer fitted with the regime's religious radicalism
-Significance: conservatives could no longer find anything in the prayer book that they could accept
-Significance: conservatives could no longer find anything in the prayer book that they could accept
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Key change in the revised Book of Common Prayer, 1552:
Rewriting of Baptism, Confirmation and Burial Services
Rewriting of Baptism, Confirmation and Burial Services
-To make services more easily understood by congregations
-Significance: showed Cranmer's desire to see greater simplicity in Church services
-Significance: showed Cranmer's desire to see greater simplicity in Church services
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Key change in the revised Book of Common Prayer, 1552:
Radical form of Communion service, including replacement of wafer by ordinary bread
Radical form of Communion service, including replacement of wafer by ordinary bread
-Need for decisive change from ambiguity of 1549 Prayer Book
-Significance: showed influence of Zwingilanism in the Eucharist declaration, "Do this in remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee"
-Significance: showed influence of Zwingilanism in the Eucharist declaration, "Do this in remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee"
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Key change in the revised Book of Common Prayer, 1552:
Ban on use of "Popish" vestments
Ban on use of "Popish" vestments
-Seen as objects of "superstition"
-Significance: simpler clerical vestments were seen as more in keeping with the simpler approach to services
-Significance: simpler clerical vestments were seen as more in keeping with the simpler approach to services
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Key change in the revised Book of Common Prayer, 1552:
Restriction on the use of Church music
Restriction on the use of Church music
-Moderate Protestants thought that Church music hindered religious understanding: radical opinion considered it idolatrous
-Significance: simpler approach to music reflected the emphasis on greater simplicity in Church services
-Significance: simpler approach to music reflected the emphasis on greater simplicity in Church services
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What is the believed reason that expenditure on Church goods decline after 1540?
Many people felt that there was little point in leaving money to the Church, if there was a chance that their bequests might be confiscated by the Crown
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The evidence from wills
It is possible to make deductions about religious beliefs both from declarations of faith, found at the beginning of wills and from individual bequests. It is evident from this however, that by the reign of Edward VI less people were leaving money to thei
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What did the radical Hooper claim in 1550?
That the pace of reform was hampered by uncooperative public opinion
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Why was the crisis at parish level made worse?
It was made worse by the fear of a Crown attack on Church plate, so many parishes tried to avoid this by selling their treasures, which proved justified when in January 1553 the Crown started to confiscate church plate, but some resourceful parishes manag
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What were the three main economic factors that brought discontent during Somerset's period of rule?
-Inflationary pressures
-Agrarian issues, particularly enclosure and harvest failures
-Taxation
-Agrarian issues, particularly enclosure and harvest failures
-Taxation
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How did Somerset help inflation rise?
He continued Henry VIII's policy to debase coinage to finance the war against Scotland. Although, it helped raised £537,000, it heightened inflationary pressures and added to the social distress felt at the time. A poor harvest in 1548, reinforced inflati
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Somerset and enclosure
Somerset was influenced by writer John Hales, who argued that enclosure was the root of many of the country's social and economic issues. Somerset agreed to set up a commission to investigate the problem and issue a proclamation against it
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Somerset's attempt to end enclosure fears
Enclosure commissioners were duly appointed, but little was achieved apart from raising the expectations of the poor, and annoying landowners. In fact, evidence suggests that the rate of enclosure was actually slowing, so intervention was wrong-headed
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Taxation
-Caused great discontent, when money had to be raised to pay for the Scottish war
-Mostly funded by land sales and borrowing, adding to long-term effects on the Crown's finances
-Mostly funded by land sales and borrowing, adding to long-term effects on the Crown's finances
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What was the main driver to increasing the amounts of enclosure?
-Converting land from arable to pasture to graze large flocks of sheep
-This would provide wool and cloth for the export market
-To deter this, Somerset put a tax on sheep, intended to deter enclosure
-In reality, put financial pressure on small farmers,
-This would provide wool and cloth for the export market
-To deter this, Somerset put a tax on sheep, intended to deter enclosure
-In reality, put financial pressure on small farmers,
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Northumberland and the stability of Crown finances
-He ended wars with Scotland and France
-Reduced crown expenditure
-Brought in £133,333 as a French payment for the return of Boulogne
-Reduced crown expenditure
-Brought in £133,333 as a French payment for the return of Boulogne
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What was arguably the worst year during the Tudor period and why?
1549, because of the major rebellions in East-Anglia and the south-west, as well as considerable levels of disorder throughout much of the rest of the country
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Why did Somerset's government find it difficult to cope with these rebellions?
The Tudor State had thin resources and the resources that they had were overstretched with substantial numbers of troops engaged in garrisoning in the South of Scotland, whilst others were stationed in the South-East of England to ward off potential Frenc
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What were the main reasons for rebellion and disorder?
-In some parts, religious reasons predominated
-In the Midlands and East Anglia agrarian and social grievances were most important, with the Council receiving numerous reports of riots and of uprooting of enclosures
-Resentment of taxation
-In the Midlands and East Anglia agrarian and social grievances were most important, with the Council receiving numerous reports of riots and of uprooting of enclosures
-Resentment of taxation
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Why did most risings die out fairly quickly?
Either because of insufficient support or through prompt action from the local nobility and gentry, such as the Earl of Arundel who managed to calm matters down in a strategically sensitive Sussex
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What were Arundel's methods and where were they most successful?
Arundel heard grievances and punished a few oppressive landlords and disorderly peasants even-handedly, restoring a "quavering quiet", across Cambridgeshire, Yorkshire and the Midlands
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The Western Rebellion 1549
A rebellion in Devon and Cornwall prompted particularly by religious grievances. This rebellion has also been described as the "prayer book rebellion" on account of the description of the rebels of the new Book of Common Prayer as a "Christmas game"
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What was the main aims of the Western Rebellion?
To reverse the religious reforms which were destroying the way in which people had experienced religion. Both the traditional rituals of Church services and much of the Church's wider role in the wider community had gone
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What were other causes for the Western Rebellion?
It was also provoked by distrust between the rural labourers and landlords and also grievances over taxation. The peasant labourers resented the sheep tax, which they regarded as an imposition by an uncaring and ignorant government in London, made worse b
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Kett's Rebellion in East Anglia
There was little evidence of conservative religious tendencies amongst the leadership, and the rebels at Norwich had services conducted according to the Book of Common Prayer. What they shared with the Western Rebellion, was the sense of class antagonism,
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What were the believed causes of Kett's Rebellion?
-Hatred of local government officials
-Resentment of the abuse by landowners of the Norfolk foldcourse system
-The release of pent-up frustration about the maladministration locally of the Howards
-Resentment of the abuse by landowners of the Norfolk foldcourse system
-The release of pent-up frustration about the maladministration locally of the Howards
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How was the Western Rebellion supressed?
Somerset had appointed Lord Russel, a rising nobleman with estates in the West Country, to deal with the Western Rebellion. Eventually, he had enough forces, including foreign mercenaries, to be able to defeat the rebels Clyst Heath near Exeter on 4th Aug
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The suppression of the East Anglian rebellion
The government's original attempt to crush the rebellion by the Earl of Northampton had ended in humiliating failure. Somerset was forced to send his own army, with foreign mercenaries, under the command of the Earl of Warwick to deal with the rebellion.
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What two reforming traditions contrasted during Edward VI's reign?
-The tradition of evangelical humanism associated with those who identified with the teachings of Erasmus
-More radical forms of Protestantism
-More radical forms of Protestantism
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Despite being weakened by the divisions of the 1530's, how did humanism still exert some influences?
-Thomas Cranmer had been influenced by humanism
-1547 injunctions ensured each parish church acquired a copy of the Paraphrases of Erasmus
-Humanist Sir John Cheke had been Edward's tutor
-Humanist writer Nicholas Udall received government encouragement
-1547 injunctions ensured each parish church acquired a copy of the Paraphrases of Erasmus
-Humanist Sir John Cheke had been Edward's tutor
-Humanist writer Nicholas Udall received government encouragement
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Other ways humanism was still influential
-William Cecil, junior secretary of state under Northumberland, encouraged humanist scholars at Cambridge
-Peter Martyr and Martin Bucer worked in England
-Bucer was appointed Professor of Divinity at Cambridge
-Peter Martyr and Martin Bucer worked in England
-Bucer was appointed Professor of Divinity at Cambridge
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Who was invited to be Martin Bucer's replacement upon his death in 1551?
The great Lutheran and humanist scholar Phillip Melanchthon, the leading moderate reformer
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What inevitably ended in a more militant and less comprehensive approach to reform under Northumberland?
The breakdown of the relationship between Northumberland and Archbishop Cranmer, stemming from Northumberland coming more under the influence of the radical figure John Hooper, who Cranmer found to be decisive
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What did the death of Edward VI in 1553 lead to?
An end to the more radical form of reform that had started to gain pace in 1552 and 1553, plus any end to the more conservative reforms
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What the major impact of the religious change under Edward VI?
The impact of religious change during Edward VI's short reign was profound and never before throughout English history, had the population been subjected to so much religious change and so quickly. A majority of the population found it disorientating and
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What could the government be praised for during this period of religious change?
The government can be praised for implementing so much religion change with so little disruption
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What could the government be criticised for during this period of religious change?
The government can be criticised for dealing rather ineptly with the two major rebellions of 1549
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The Book of Common Prayer 1549
Back
Written by Archbishop Cranmer, and was written as a new relic of Protestantism but reflected Somerset's cautiousness about religious change
Card 3
Front
What were the two key objectives?
Back

Card 4
Front
Bishop Gardiner's interpreation
Back

Card 5
Front
Denunciation of images in London (February 1547)
Back

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