Transition Metals

What is the definition of a transition metal?

A metal that can form one or more stable ions with an incomplete d-subshell

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What are the 2 physical properties of transition metals?

1) All have a high density 2)All have a high melting point and boiling point

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What are the 4 chemical properties of transition metals?

1) They can form complex ions 2) They can form coloured compounds 3) They can be used as catalysts 4) They can exist in variable oxidation states

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Why does Cr (Chromium) have the electronic figuration of [Ar] 4s1 3d5, and not [Ar] 4s2 3d4?

Because the atom is more stable when it has 1 electron in each orbital of the d-subshell

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What causes the chemical properties of a transition metal?

The incomplete d-subshell

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What is a complex ion?

Metal ions surrounded by ligands

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What are ligands?

Atom, ions or molecules with a lone pair which it can donate to the central metal forming a coordinate bond

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What are the 3 different types of ligands?

1) Unidentate or monodentate 2) Bindentate 3) Multidentate

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Explain how carbon monoxide poisoning occurs.

When CO is inhaled the haemoglobin can substitute its water ligands for CO ligands (carboxyhaemoglobin). This forms a very strong bond and doesn't readily exchange for O2 or water ligands meaning haemoglobin can no longer transport oxygen.

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Explain why transition metal complexes are coloured.

When visible light hits a transition metal ion, some frequencies are absorbed as electrons jump up to higher orbitals. The rest of the frequencies are reflected which is the colour you see.

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What are the 4 factors that affect the colour of transition metal complexes?

1) Oxidation states 2) Ligands 3) Coordination number 4) Shape of complex

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What does a positive redox potential tell you about an ion?

It means that the ion isn't very stable and can be more easily reduced.

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What can affect the redox potential of an ion?

Different ligands and pH

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Why do 3+ ions make more acidic solutions than 2+ ions when reacted with water?

3+ ions are smaller with a bigger charge. This makes them more polarising than 2+ ions (they attract electrons from the O atoms more strongly making the O-H bond weaker). If the O-H bond is weaker, it is more likely H+ will be released.

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Give 2 reasons why transition metals are good catalysts.

1) They can change oxidation states 2) They are good at transferring electrons in order to speed up reactions.

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What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A catalyst which is in different physical states to the reactants

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Give 2 examples of a heterogeneous catalysts and the names of the reactions they are involved in.

1) Fe in the Haber Process 2) V2O5 in the Contact Process

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What is a homogeneous catalyst and how does it work?

A catalyst which is in the same physical state as the reactants and works by forming an intermediate

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Why are catalysts in a different phase often coated onto a support medium?

It increases surface area and reduces cost as only a thin layer is required.

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What happens if impurities are in a reaction mixture and why is this bad?

The impurities can bind to the active site of the catalyst and hence 'poison' it. This increases costs and there's less product

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Transition Metals

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