Treatment & Punishment of Crime

Introduction

2012=84,000, best way or not gains momentum, strain on resources, inhumane conditions, government need to know if it is an effective deterrent?

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Lloyd et al

E&W recidivism 54%-70%(type of offender/length of follow up), not effective

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Greatest Strength

Protects public, secure surroundings, no longer a danger to society, violent offenders

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Main Problem

Doesn't address root cause, explains high recidivism rates, social factors=reoffend

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Punishment Orientated Regimes

Behaviourist principles (environment),UK 1980's short sharp shock scheme/bootcamps, incarceration, military, labour

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Mackenzie & Shaw

Bootcamps vs prisons, bootcamps=more positive about experiences & future, pro-social attitudes

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However

Types of offenders suitable for bootcamps were non-violent convicts, may not be appropriate for all criminals

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Treatment

Modern prisons=psychological principles for rehabilitation, cognitive=aim to identify correct cognitive deficits which lead to criminal behaviour

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Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) & Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R)

ETS=compulsory group work sessions, think before acting, role play. R&R=under-socialised, lacking values, attitudes, reasoning & social skills for appropriate behaviour, P.S, emotion management.

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Major Strength (Hollin et al)

Lower recidivism rates, Hollin=male offenders in treatment groups reoffend less than controls according to a review by E&W probation service, treatment=effective

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However (Palmer et al)

CBT programmes may only work with medium/high risk offenders, BUT designed for these people & want success from these particular offenders.

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Gender Bias

ETS & R&R developed with males in mind, female recidivism rates havent reduced, wording changed but content still the same.

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Token Economy

Behaviourist principles to encourage desired behaviour, reinforced through tokens, exchanged for privileges, punishment=isolation

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Hobbs and Holt

young offenders institution, increased appropriate behaviours in boys/adolescents,treatment=effective

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However (Bassett&Blanchard)

importance of consistency,lacking due to staff misusing the system=treatment failing

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Jenkins et al

followed up male offenders 18 months after release, token economy lower recidivism rates than cognitive programmes

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Modern Times

token economy replaced by cognitive treatements, treats only overt behaviour e.g. aggression not cause

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Zero Tolerance (Kelling&Wilson)

respond to all crime equally as serious, Broken Window Theory, downward spiral of crime, tackle minor to stop escalating, vicarious learning, observing others getting punished

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Bratton

1st used in New York City, Police Commissioner, 7000 extra officers, low level crimes,crime rate dropped 37%, homicide rate dropped 50%

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Detective Superintendent Ray Mallon

suspended head of Middlesbrough CID, most colourful advocate of ZT in UK, 1996=quit if he didnt cut crime by 20% in 18 months, Robocop, successful

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Increased police presence in the streets

caused decrease not ZT, crime in other states reduced without ZT, other factors e.g. decreased drug supply over several states responsible for reduction

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Pollard

criticised ZT for being too harsh, harassment for non-criminal acitivities (drinking) = detrimental, alienates the community, long-term policing problems

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Get Revising

Treatment & Punishment of Crime

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