UC, infection

UC is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterised by what?

Diffuse inflammation of the clinic mucosa

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Where does UC mostly arise?

Rectum (proctitis- inflammation limited to rectum). If they have proctitis it can lead to constipation.

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UC involves what?

The mucosa with formation of crypt abscesses and depletion of goblet cell production of mucus

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Ulcerated areas covered by granulation tissue can lead to the formation of what?

Polyps

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Symptoms of UC?

Bloody diarrhoea, lower abdo pain, faecal urgency, can have constipation, extra intestinal manifestations

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Some extra intestinal manifestations

Erythema nodosum (swelling of subcutaneous fat)

Aphthous ulcers (mouth ulcers)

Anything itis = inflammation eg, episcleritis inflammation of sclera of eye

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Leukocytosis and thrombocytosis indicates what?

Infection

High platelet and high WBC count

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What is thrombopoietin?

Hormone that regulates production of platelets to help blood clot

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What inflammatory marker test is done to indicate inflammation?

ESR-(Erythrocyte sedimentation rate), in inflammation the red blood cells stick together and fall faster in a test tube
CRP
Stool analysis-Faecal Occult blood indicates bleeding higher up GI tract
RBC count-lack of iron due to malabsorption

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Acute vs chronic cells at initial damage?

Acute- mainly neutrophils, then macrophages

Chronic- macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes

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Acute vs chronic vascular changes

Acute- prominent, vasodilation and increased permeability

Chronic- not prominent, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)

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What is fibrosis?

Thickening and scarring of connective tissue

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Differences between UC and Crohns

UC- large intestine/colon, inflammation continuous, ulcers inner lining of abdomen only (mucosa), bleeding in poo, pain 6/10, can have surgery

Crohns- anywhere in GI tract (gum to bum), patches of inflammation in bowel, ulcers in several layers of abdomi

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What is a microorganism?

Any organism too small to be seen by naked eye

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What is a pathogen?

Microorganism that cause disease

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What is infection?

Microorganisms causing damage to body tissue

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Process of infection? (4)
From point of view of microorganism

1. Colonisation
2. Invasion
3. Multiplication
4. Spread

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Chain of infection? (6)

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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Disease process from point of view of infected individual (4)

1. Incubation
2.Prodromal
3.Invasion (height of infection)
4. Convalescence

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What are pyrogens?

Circulating protein that reset the thermostat in the hypothalamus causing a rise in temperature (pyrexia)

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Bacterial infection facts

Prokaryotic (no enclosed nucleus), no mitochondria.
Reproduced asexually (divide)
Bacteraemia- bacteria transported in blood to infect other organs (sepsis)

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Viral infection facts

Capable of replication in living cells
Most common in humans like cold, cold sore
Viron- nucleic acid protected by protein shell
Antibodies protect against viruses

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Fungal infection facts

Fungus- organism that lacks green pigment chlorophyll, infection with fungus is called mycosis (yeast/mould)
Fungi that invades skin, hair or nails= dermatophytes
Transmitted by inhalation or wound contamination

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Parasitic and protozoan infection facts

Parasite- any living thing that lives in or on another organism (worms)
Protozoa- single celled parasitic organism (malaria)

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Symbiosis- benefits human, doesn’t harm microorganism
Mutualism-benefits human and microorganism

Commensalism- benefits microorganism, doesn’t harm human
Pathogenicy- benefits microorganism, harms human
Opportunism- a benign microorganism becomes pathogenic because of decreased human host resistance

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UC, infection

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