WHITE COLLAR CRIME

Edwin H. Sutherland, 1949:9

Approximately defined WCC as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation"

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Nelkin

It is difficult to distinguish malevolence from incompetence ... in business and professional life we are more often concerned about the harmful effects of the latter"

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Langan, 1996

Why WCC is invisible: victims may be unaware, global nature makes them hard to police, often dealt with internally to avoid possible embsrsssment for the company, crimes often complex

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Machine and Mayr, 2012

The language of criminality is rarely fully present

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Box, 1983

Capitalism has created a 'mystification'... 'tip of the iceberg'

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Bonger

Capitalism promotes crime in the suites by fostering avarice

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Schrager

WC criminals are not exceptionally impulsive. Live beyond their means. Lower re-offence rates (can move on quickly)

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Karstedt and Farrall, 2007

Crimes of everyday life. "Erosion of moral standards". Law abiding majority? Report... Dispels myth that we are largely law abiding citizens. Finds we are increasingly engaging in criminal/shady activities, as form of resistance / socially acceptable

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Clinard and Yeager, 1980

Documentary study of corporate crime, found that law violations by large companies increased as financial performance deteriorated - suggests willingness to 'innovate' towards profit goals

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Sutherland, 1949

AETIOLOGY: differential association theory...crime learned from others

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Geis, 1967

Supports. Inividals joining companies where illegal price fixing prevalent are more likely to become involved

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Sykes and Matza, 1957

Techniques of neutralisation.

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Barak, 2012

30-40 million people affected by high risk taking of financial institutions in early 2000s

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Davis

Bankers who hire money hungry geniuses should not always express suprise and amazement when some of them turn around with brilliant, creative and illegal ways of making money

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Tombs, 2013

corporate crime does more harm than street crime. Enormous costs that are physical, environmental, and economic. Corporate crime is widespread, routine and pervasive

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Carrabine et al 2014

We entrust high-status professionals with our finances, health, security and personal info, and their status could given them the opportunity to abuse this trust

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Clinard et al, 1980

Recognises cultural element in corporate organisations ... wealth only accessible to some, 'Bonus culture', risk taking (Hirschi's 1990 general theory of deviance), long hours and corporate social events

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Messerschmidt, 1997

Crime as Structured Action. Class/gender/race relations ... importance of gender (specifically masculinities), in production of an organisational ambience conducive to crime.

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Matza

Looked at idea of delinquency and drift... young men drift in and out of crime at certain parts of their lives (inspired Katz)

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Apel and Paternoster, 2009

Adolescents with antisocial propensities prior to employment engaged in criminal behaviour at work

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Sutherland

Suggests WCC might create distrust in society... "The financial loss from WCC, great as it is, is less important than damage to social relations". "WC criminals violate trust/create distrust; lowers social morale and produces social disorganisations

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Peters and Welch, 1980; Moore and Mills, 1990), Shover et al, 1994)

Looked at impact of WCC on victim's trust in wider political/economic arenas. General finding that WCC has little, if any, effect upon victim's trust. However, studies fail to recognise that trust involves an element of risk and uncertainty

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WHITE COLLAR CRIME

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